Question 1

While naming animals or tools,participants showed activation in
A) overlapping areas in the temporal lobes.
B) overlapping areas in the frontal lobes.
C) separate,but adjacent areas in the frontal lobes.
D) separate areas including the occipital,frontal,and temporal lobes.

Accepted Answer

Naming animals or tools involves multiple cognitive processes such as perception and recognition of visual features (occipital), retrieval of semantic knowledge (temporal), and selection and production of verbal responses (frontal). Therefore, participants showed activation in separate areas including the occipital, frontal, and temporal lobes.

Question 2

You walk into a room and see someone you know you've met before,but you have no idea when or where you met this person.Which of the following phenomena can best explain this?
A) retrograde amnesia
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) source amnesia
D) faulty short-term memory

Accepted Answer

Source amnesia is the phenomenon where a person remembers information but cannot remember the source of the information. In this case, the person recognizes the face but does not remember where they met that person before.

Question 3

Semantic knowledge appears to be
A) widely distributed throughout the association cortex.
B) localized in the hippocampus.
C) localized in the occipital lobes.
D) localized in the frontal lobes.

Accepted Answer

Semantic knowledge, which refers to the general knowledge about the world that is not linked to specific experiences, appears to be widely distributed throughout the association cortex. The association cortex is a vast network of brain regions that are responsible for integrating various types of information from different sensory modalities and higher-order cognitive processes. The hippocampus, on the other hand, is primarily responsible for the formation and consolidation of new memories, while the occipital lobes are involved in visual processing and the frontal lobes are associated with executive function and decision-making. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 4

Research suggests that the best candidate for a "convergence zone" for semantic knowledge is located in the
A) hippocampus.
B) frontal lobes.
C) temporal lobes.
D) widely distributed areas of association cortex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research suggests that the best candidate for...

Question 5

The nucleus accumbens
A) does not participate in learning of any type.
B) is important to long-term,but not to short-term learning.
C) is important in episodic and semantic memory,but not procedural memory.
D) contributes to the evaluation of reward during procedural learning.

Accepted Answer

The nucleus accumbens is known to play a role in reward processing and evaluation, which is crucial to procedural learning. It is not involved in other types of learning such as episodic or semantic memory.

Question 6

One of your neighbors used to be a very heavy drinker.Eventually,she was unable to care for herself and was placed in a nursing home.She kept introducing herself several times a day to the staff and other residents.From what you learned about memory in this chapter,what do you think was most likely wrong with her?
A) She had experienced a stroke.
B) She had Alzheimer's disease.
C) She had Parkinson's disease.
D) She had Korsakoff's syndrome.

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff's syndrome is a memory disorder caused by a thiamine deficiency, often due to heavy alcohol use. People with this syndrome often struggle to form new memories and may exhibit confabulation or repeating themselves.

Question 7

Areas of the brain that may be involved with episodic memories include the
A) prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
C) medial temporal lobe and the occipital lobe.
D) medial temporal lobe and the anterior cingulate cortex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Areas of the brain that may be...

Question 8

Short-term memory appears to require maturity in the
A) dorsomedial thalamus.
B) hippocampus.
C) anterior thalamus.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is closely linked to the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for working memory and controlled attention. This area takes longer to fully develop, and therefore short-term memory improves with maturity. The other brain regions listed are also involved in memory processing, but are not as closely related to short-term memory as the prefrontal cortex.

Question 9

Repeated activation of PKA results in
A) activation of MAP kinase.
B) activation of CREB-2 by CREB-1.
C) inhibition of C/EBP.
D) inhibition of ubiquitin carboxyterminal hydrolase.

Accepted Answer

Repeated activation of PKA leads to the activation of MAP kinase through a phosphorylation cascade. This results in the activation of downstream signaling pathways, including gene expression and cell proliferation. Choice B is incorrect because activation of CREB-2 by CREB-1 occurs through an alternate pathway involving calcium signaling. Choice C is incorrect because activation of PKA typically leads to the activation of C/EBP. Choice D is incorrect as there is no known link between PKA activation and inhibition of ubiquitin carboxyterminal hydrolase.

Question 10

James constantly asks his friend Rob to tell him what the professor just said in lecture,because James has much more trouble remembering verbal information long enough to write it down in his notes.It is likely that James
A) has some type of mild brain damage.
B) is more likely than Rob to use simple repetition to remember verbal material.
C) experiences more activation of his anterior cingulate cortex than Rob during verbal tasks.
D) is more likely than Rob to use semantic strategies during short-term verbal memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

James's reliance on repetition suggests he may not be using more effective semantic strategies for remembering verbal material, indicating a difference in memory strategy rather than brain damage or differences in brain activation.

Question 11

Samantha's grandfather has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.Samantha knows that Parkinson's disease affects the basal ganglia,so she is able to tell her grandfather that he is likely to experience
A) little if any memory impairment.
B) problems with procedural memories,but not declarative memories.
C) problems with declarative memories,but not procedural memories.
D) problems with both declarative and procedural memories.

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease primarily affects the basal ganglia, which is responsible for the control of movement and procedural memory. Therefore, individuals with Parkinson's disease may experience problems with procedural memories, but not declarative memories.

Question 12

In sensitization in Aplysia,PKA acts to
A) convert ATP into cyclic AMP.
B) activate adenylyl cyclase.
C) increase the release of serotonin by the interneuron.
D) increase the release of glutamate by the sensory neuron.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In sensitization in Aplysia,PKA acts to
A) convert...

Question 13

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the
A) parietal lobes.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) medial temporal lobes.
D) fornix.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Source amnesia is associated with damage to...

Question 14

Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.
A) short-term
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) procedural

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is responsible for recalling personal experiences and events, and can help individuals determine whether a particular experience was real or imagined. This is crucial in distinguishing fantasy from reality. Short-term memory is involved in the temporary storage of information for immediate use, while semantic memory is responsible for general knowledge and facts. Procedural memory involves the acquisition and retention of skills and habits.

Question 15

The end result of PKA activation over time appears to be
A) decreased numbers of synaptic terminals on sensory neurons.
B) increased numbers of synaptic terminals on sensory neurons.
C) decreased numbers of postsynaptic receptors.
D) increased numbers of postsynaptic receptors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The end result of PKA activation over...

Question 16

Your great uncle recently had a stroke,and there have been some subtle differences in his behavior.For example,you were playing checkers,and he was doing fine.But when your checker was "kinged" and could therefore move according to a different set of rules,he didn't seem to be able to adjust.When you asked him if he realized what the rules said,he did,but he continued to play as if he didn't.Considering what you learned about brain areas and memory,what part of his brain would you suspect has damage?
A) the hippocampus
B) the diencephalon
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the parietal lobe

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functioning and decision-making, including the ability to adjust to changes in rules and use working memory to guide behavior. Damage to this area could result in difficulty adapting to new situations or rules. The other options listed are not as directly related to this specific behavior.

Question 17

Important attentional aspects of short-term memory require activation in the
A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex.
C) hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex.
D) hippocampus and the posterior cingulate cortex.

Accepted Answer

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are both involved in attentional control, which is important for short-term memory tasks. The hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex are more involved in long-term memory processes.

Question 18

Lesions in the striatum interfere with _________ memories.
A) procedural,but not declarative
B) declarative,but not procedural
C) both declarative and procedural
D) short-term,but not long-term

Accepted Answer

Lesions in the striatum primarily interfere with procedural memories, which are part of the implicit memory system related to skills and tasks. Declarative memory, which involves facts and events, is not primarily affected by striatal damage.

Question 19

The cAMP-PKA pathway
A) is important in invertebrates like Aplysia,but probably plays a lesser role in learning in mammals.
B) is important in mammals,but cannot be demonstrated in simple organisms like Aplysia.
C) appears to play similar roles in invertebrates like Aplysia and in mammals.
D) results in changes in gene expression in invertebrates like Aplysia,but not in mammals.

Accepted Answer

The cAMP-PKA pathway appears to play similar roles in invertebrates like Aplysia and in mammals, including its involvement in learning and memory. Studies in both animals have shown that this pathway is activated during memory formation and that manipulation of its components can enhance or impair memory. However, the specific mechanisms and targets of the pathway may differ between species.

Question 20

The formation of procedural memories may involve activity in the
A) dorsomedial thalamus.
B) anterior thalamus.
C) striatum.
D) hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The striatum is a critical part of the brain involved in the formation of procedural memories, which are memories of the skills and procedures we perform automatically.

Quiz 12: Learning and Memory

While naming animals or tools,participants showed activation in

You walk into a room and see someone you know you've met before,but you have no idea when or where you met this person.Which of the following phenomena can best explain this?

Semantic knowledge appears to be

Research suggests that the best candidate for a "convergence zone" for semantic knowledge is located in the

The nucleus accumbens

Areas of the brain that may be involved with episodic memories include the

Short-term memory appears to require maturity in the

Repeated activation of PKA results in

James constantly asks his friend Rob to tell him what the professor just said in lecture,because James has much more trouble remembering verbal information long enough to write it down in his notes.It is likely that James

Samantha's grandfather has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.Samantha knows that Parkinson's disease affects the basal ganglia,so she is able to tell her grandfather that he is likely to experience

In sensitization in Aplysia,PKA acts to

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the

Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.

The end result of PKA activation over time appears to be

Important attentional aspects of short-term memory require activation in the

Lesions in the striatum interfere with _________ memories.

The cAMP-PKA pathway

The formation of procedural memories may involve activity in the