Question 1

In a study by Oster et al.(1992),1-,4- and 7-month-old infants were observed as their forearms were held down so that they could not move them.At what age did infants show a definite anger response?

Accepted Answer

At 7 months, infants showed a definite anger response when their forearms were held down, indicating a developmental progression in the expression of anger in response to restraint.

Question 2

____ are emotions that require social learning.

Accepted Answer

Secondary emotions are emotions that require social learning, as they are more complex and abstract than primary or basic emotions. Primary or basic emotions are innate, reflexive emotions that are present from infancy, while reflexive emotions are automatic responses to external stimuli, such as fear or startle responses.

Question 3

From the goodness-of-fit model,babies with low emotional reactivity benefited most from which the following?

Accepted Answer

The goodness-of-fit model suggests that children benefit most when their temperament is matched with parenting practices that are consistent with their individual characteristics. Babies with low emotional reactivity may benefit the most from face-to-face interaction with a parent, as they require more stimulation to become engaged and are less likely to become overstimulated. This type of interaction may help promote their emotional development and socialization skills. The other options, such as a parenting style with high demandingness and low tolerance, a laissez-faire parenting style, or longer periods of sleep and more frequent naps, may not be as effective or appropriate for babies with low emotional reactivity.

Question 4

Studies have shown that Chinese children who possess a higher degree of shyness are more likely ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies have shown that Chinese children who...

Question 5

During the first few weeks of life an infant may show the emotion of ____; but it is rare that he or she may show the emotion of ____ during the first year of life.

Accepted Answer

During the first few weeks of life, infants may show pleasure or contentment through smiling, cooing, and other positive body language cues. However, it is rare for infants to show sadness during the first year of life because they have not yet developed a strong sense of self or attachment to people or objects. Other complex emotions like shame, guilt, and embarrassment require a higher level of cognitive development that usually develops later in childhood. Anger may be displayed in infants, but it is not as common or as easily recognizable as pleasure or contentment.

Question 6

Who believed that human emotional expressions were part of a long evolutionary history?

Accepted Answer

Darwin believed that human emotional expressions were part of a long evolutionary history and that they served an adaptive function in communication and survival. Skinner believed that emotions were behavioral responses learned through conditioning. Thomas and Chess studied temperament in infants and children, while Rothbart developed a theory of temperament that considers both biological and environmental factors.

Question 7

Primary emotions are also known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions are also known as basic emotions, and they are believed to be universally experienced and recognized across different cultures. Examples of primary emotions include happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. The other answer choices are not correct because secondary emotions are emotions that arise out of a combination of two or more primary emotions and learned emotions are emotions that are acquired through experience and socialization. Social emotions refer to emotions that are specifically related to social interactions and relationships.

Question 8

When do infants begin to show "stranger anxiety?"

Accepted Answer

Stranger anxiety typically begins to show around 6 months of age as infants become more aware of and attached to their primary caregivers. They may become fearful or anxious around unfamiliar people or in unfamiliar environments.

Question 9

Your best friend had her baby three months ago.After visiting with them on a couple of occasions it appears to you that her infant seems sad.You remember from your developmental course that infants can be sad.What else do you suspect?

Accepted Answer

It is common for new mothers to experience postpartum depression, which can affect both the mother and the infant. Infants can pick up on their mother's mood and may become sad or withdrawn themselves. It is important for the friend to seek help from a healthcare provider if she is experiencing symptoms of depression.

Question 10

Studies of Chinese children have shown that shyness is associated with ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of Chinese children have shown that...

Question 11

According to Lewis,what type of emotion requires social learning such as embarrassment,shame,and guilt?

Accepted Answer

Lewis categorizes embarrassment, shame, and guilt as secondary emotions, which require social learning and are often associated with moral and cultural values. Primary emotions, on the other hand, are biologically based and do not require social learning. Elementary and primitive are not accurate terms to describe types of emotions.

Question 12

Which of the following are the five primary emotions?

Accepted Answer

The five primary emotions are anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness. Jealousy, lust, guilt, envy, and embarrassment are secondary emotions that stem from the primary ones. Hurt is not considered a primary or secondary emotion.

Question 13

If one were to pair a difficult tempered infant with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration,one might predict which of the following outcomes?

Accepted Answer

If a difficult tempered infant is paired with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration, it is likely that the child will learn to model those behaviors and become defiant and disobedient. This type of parenting can lead to a negative cycle of parent-child interactions and poor attachment, which can have lasting effects on the child's behavior and mental health.

Question 14

You are playing with your 7-month-old nephew.You are wrestling with him and are holding his forearms down by his side so he can't move them as he is lying on his back.What is emotion is your nephew likely to have?

Accepted Answer

At 7 months old, infants can experience anger when they are restrained or unable to move freely, as they have a growing desire for autonomy and control over their movements.

Question 15

As compared to the United States and Canada,an attribute such as shyness is considered socially ____ in China.

Accepted Answer

Shyness is considered a desirable trait in China, as it is associated with modesty and respect towards others. In contrast, in the United States and Canada, outgoing and confident personalities are often valued more highly.

Question 16

There appear to be cultural differences in personality.Compared to babies in the United States and Canada,Asian babies have been found to ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Asian babies tend to learn self-regulation earlier than babies in the United States and Canada. This may be due to cultural practices that emphasize emotional control and self-discipline. It is important to note, however, that there is still a wide range of individual differences within any cultural group.

Question 17

According to Lewis,what type of emotions are the most basic,such as anger,fear,disgust,surprise,and happiness?

Accepted Answer

Lewis suggests that primary emotions, such as anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and happiness, are the most basic and universal emotions that are hardwired into our biology and can be recognized across different cultures.

Question 18

What type of emotion is evident in the early weeks of life?

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions are evident in the early weeks of life, such as basic emotions like pleasure, displeasure, and distress. These emotions are innate and not learned.

Question 19

According to the goodness-of-fit model,babies with a negative temperamental quality find which of the following parental approaches most desirable?

Accepted Answer

The goodness-of-fit model suggests that children, including those with negative temperamental qualities, benefit most from environments that are understanding and tolerant, as these environments accommodate their temperamental needs and promote better adjustment.

Question 20

Sadness is relatively rare in the first year of life except for ____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants with mothers who are experiencing depression are more likely to show signs of sadness and distress in the first year of life.

Quiz 4: Infancy

In a study by Oster et al.(1992) ,1-,4- and 7-month-old infants were observed as their forearms were held down so that they could not move them.At what age did infants show a definite anger response?