Illegitimacy in preindustrial Europe was in the very low single digits but rose significantly-to 25 and 33 percent in some countries-following industrialization.A primary cause of this was:

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The degeneration of social controls that were present in villages but not in urban centers was a significant cause of the rise in illegitimacy rates. In preindustrial Europe, village communities had strong social controls and stigmatized illegitimate births, forcing people to conform to societal norms. However, with industrialization, people migrated to urban centers where there were weaker social controls and anonymity. Furthermore, the breakdown of traditional social structures in cities made it easier for people to have extramarital affairs and conceive out of wedlock.

Illegitimacy in Preindustrial Europe Was in the Very Low Single