Question 1

A 10-bp single-stranded DNA fragment is cut by three different restriction enzymes to produce the following fragments:
 (1) AC, TAC, and GGATG
(2) TA, CGG, and ATGAC
(3) GAC, GAT, and TACG
The nucleotide sequence of the 10-bp fragment

Accepted Answer

The fragments produced by the restriction enzymes match the sequence TACGGATGAC when cut at the appropriate sites.

Question 2

Pathogenic strains of E.coli often exchange genes with other pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella.Refer to the table showing which bacteria contain various genes.(Note: "x" denotes presence of the gene.)  Which gene most likely got into pathogenic E.coli from the other pathogenic bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pathogenic strains of E.coli often exchange genes...

Question 3

The main distinction between LINEs and SINEs is that _______ sequences are translated.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The main distinction between LINEs and SINEs...

Question 4

Genomics researchers can construct longer sequence fragments from shorter ones because some of the shorter fragments have _______ sequences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genomics researchers can construct longer sequence fragments...

Question 5

An enzyme in the liver activates a drug.Individuals with the GG genotype at an SNP have a variant of this enzyme that activates the drug more slowly than the variant that AA or AG individuals have.Most likely, GG individuals would require a _______ dose of the drug than other individuals.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An enzyme in the liver activates a...

Question 6

A biologist is interested in finding genes that affect the likelihood of obtaining Parkinson's disease.An efficient way to find those genes would be _______ mapping.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A biologist is interested in finding genes...

Question 7

In functional genomics, biologists use sequence information to identify the functions of various regions of genomes.Which kinds of information could not be obtained from a genome sequence?

Accepted Answer

Metabolite levels in cells cannot be directly obtained from a genome sequence as this information requires experimental analysis of the cellular metabolome.

Question 8

Five prokaryote species (labeled A-E) have been sequenced.Refer to the table with the findings of the genes they contain.(Note: "x" denotes the species possessing a functional copy of the gene.) Gene 1 is essential for the synthesis of several amino acids.Gene 2 encodes a protein involved in strengthening the cell wall.Gene 3 appears to encode an enzyme, but its function is unknown.  One way to obtain clues about the function of gene 3 would be to see what substances species _______ cannot grow on, in contrast with the other species.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Five prokaryote species (labeled A-E) have been...

Question 9

Five prokaryote species (labeled A-E) have been sequenced.Refer to the table with the findings of the genes they contain.(Note: "x" denotes the species possessing a functional copy of the gene.) Gene 1 is essential for the synthesis of several amino acids.Gene 2 encodes a protein involved in strengthening the cell wall.Gene 3 produces an enzyme that breaks down methane.The functions of the other four genes are currently unknown.  Based on these data, gene _______ is most likely to be included in the minimal genome.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Five prokaryote species (labeled A-E) have been...

Question 10

DNA sequencing is most like the natural process of

Accepted Answer

DNA sequencing involves reading the base pairs in a strand of DNA, which is similar in concept to the natural process of DNA replication, where a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division.

Question 11

Individuals are genotyped AA, AG, or GG at an SNP that affects several aspects of metabolism.They are also given two drugs.Refer to the table showing the amounts of the drugs (in percent of optimal dose) remaining in individuals after 12 hours.  Individuals of genotype GG would on average require a _______ dose of drug 1 and a larger dose of drug 2 than individuals of genotype AA.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals are genotyped AA, AG, or GG...

Question 12

An organism has a genome that is 4.7 million bp long, with only 12 percent noncoding sequence.It lacks introns completely, even in the tRNA genes.This organism is most likely a

Accepted Answer

The fact that the organism lacks introns and has only 12% noncoding sequence suggests that it is a prokaryote rather than a eukaryote. Additionally, the genome size of 4.7 million bp is more typical of a prokaryotic bacterium rather than a eukaryotic organism.

Question 13

Comparison of the genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes has revealed several differences.Which characteristic of genomes is the most similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes share a similar set of genes that encode for the enzymes involved in glycolysis, a fundamental metabolic pathway. This reflects the evolutionary conservation of essential metabolic processes across different forms of life.

Question 14

The Denisovans are an extinct species of human that lived in Siberia several tens of thousands of years ago.We now have sequence information from these Denisovans.One could make the inference that Denisovans had red hair if their variant of the MC1R protein had _______ (higher/lower) activity than that of the typical human.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Denisovans are an extinct species of...

Question 15

A biologist is interested in determining how the diversity of microbes in ponds changes with levels of phosphate in the ponds.The most useful type of study to address this question is a _______ study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A biologist is interested in determining how...

Question 16

You are told that a genome is about 10 million bp long, has 5,000 genes, has introns, and that 65 percent of its sequence is coding sequence.This genome most likely belongs to a(n)

Accepted Answer

Yeast is the correct answer because it fits the description of having a genome size of about 10 million base pairs (bp), containing 5,000 genes, and having introns with 65 percent of its sequence being coding sequence. This size and complexity are typical of yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is more complex than most bacteria and viruses (which usually have smaller genomes and lack introns) but less complex than most plants and animals, which tend to have larger genomes with a lower percentage of coding sequence.

Question 17

A universal adapter used in a DNA sequencing run starts 5′-TGCAGTA….What would be the sequence of the corresponding universal primer? (Note: "…" represents many nucleotides.)

Accepted Answer

The corresponding universal primer needs to be complementary to the adapter sequence and oriented in the opposite direction. The complementary sequence of 5′-TGCAGTA…. is 3′-ACGTCA…. The reverse complement of this sequence is 5′-…TGCAGTA-3′, which matches Option C.

Question 18

Sequencing of the DNA from a chromosome in a eukaryote

Accepted Answer

Sequencing the DNA from a chromosome in a eukaryote requires the generation of overlapping fragments of DNA and computer analysis to arrange the fragments in the correct order. This is because eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is very large and cannot be sequenced in one piece. Once the fragments are generated, they are sequenced and then assembled using computer algorithms. This process is time consuming but allows for the sequencing of the entire chromosome. Separation of the two DNA strands is required to perform DNA sequencing and amplification of DNA is often necessary to obtain sufficient quantities of DNA for sequencing.

Question 19

In comparison with Sanger sequencing, in high-throughput DNA sequencing,

Accepted Answer

The answer of In comparison with Sanger sequencing, in high-throughput...

Question 20

Transposable elements in prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

Transposable elements in prokaryotes can disrupt genes, leading to genetic variation and evolutionary change. They are also referred to as transposons, and move from one location to another within the genome. This movement can result in the insertion of the transposon into a gene, disrupting its function.

Quiz 17: Genomes

A 10-bp single-stranded DNA fragment is cut by three different restriction enzymes to produce the following fragments: (1) AC, TAC, and GGATG (2) TA, CGG, and ATGAC (3) GAC, GAT, and TACG The nucleotide sequence of the 10-bp fragment