Question 1

Which developmental instrument looks to find how quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory? Presumably,the more efficient the infant is,the better the infant's information processing abilities.

Accepted Answer

The visual-recognition memory measurement assesses an infant's ability to retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory. The more efficient the infant is, the better the infant's information processing abilities.

Question 2

Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house,however,he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Underextension is when a child uses a word too narrowly or restrictively, such as only using "blankie" for their specific blanket and not for other blankets. Overextension would be the opposite, where a child uses a word too broadly to refer to many different things. Referential style and holophrasic speech refer to different aspects of language development and do not fit within the context of this scenario.

Question 3

Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing,crying,gurgling,and murmuring along with facial expressions,gestures,imitation,and other nonlinguistic means.Baby Todd is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Baby Todd is exhibiting prelinguistic communication, which includes nonlinguistic means of communication such as facial expressions, gestures, and sounds. Phonology refers to the study of sounds in language, morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in language, and semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences.

Question 4

The systematic,meaningful arrangement of symbols,which provides the basis for communication,is called

Accepted Answer

The definition provided directly states that the arrangement of symbols which provides the basis for communication is language, making choice C the correct answer. Choice A, sign language, is a specific type of language that uses gestures and facial expressions rather than spoken words. Choice B, talking or speaking, is a specific way of communicating that involves producing spoken sounds with the mouth. Choice D, communication, is a broader term that encompasses any exchange of information or messages, which may or may not involve language.

Question 5

Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner.Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of a

Accepted Answer

Baby Allison's use of "eat" and "cookie" together in a two-word phrase is an example of early two-word speech, also known as telegraphic speech. This stage of language development typically occurs between 18 and 24 months of age, and involves the use of short, simple phrases that convey meaning. The other options (semantic, phoneme, and morpheme) do not accurately describe Baby Allison's use of language in this scenario.

Question 6

Developmental psychologist Nancy Bayley developed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to measure

Accepted Answer

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are designed to measure two main areas of development: mental (which includes senses, perception, memory, learning, problem solving, and language) and motor abilities.

Question 7

What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences. Symbols and letters can also represent phonemes but are not exclusive to them. The alphabet is a specific set of letters used in a language to represent phonemes.

Question 8

When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents,she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks.This is an example of _________.

Accepted Answer

Overextension is when a child uses a single word to refer to a broad range of objects, people, or events. In this case, Baby Sarah is using "cars" to refer to buses and trucks as well.

Question 9

The term used for the overly restrictive use of words,common among children just mastering spoken language,is called

Accepted Answer

Underextension occurs when children use words in a more limited and overly restrictive manner than adults do. This is common in early language development when children are still learning the full range of meanings that words can convey.

Question 10

Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated a type of test that

Accepted Answer

Gesell's test measures infant development to distinguish between normal and atypical development in babies. It does not measure IQ or language skills specifically, but looks at overall developmental progress.

Question 11

What is the term for an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills,language use,adaptive behavior,and personal-social?

Accepted Answer

The term for an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains (motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social) is a developmental quotient. The Gesell test assesses a child's development in various domains but doesn't generate an overall score. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses a child's development in several domains, but not specifically adaptive behavior. Visual-recognition memory measurement is a specific test that assesses a child's memory abilities but doesn't provide an overall developmental score.

Question 12

What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?

Accepted Answer

Semantics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and sentences. It is concerned with how words and sentences are used to convey meaning in communication.

Answer: D
 Grammar is the set of rules that govern the structure and use of language, including the rules for the formation of words and their meaning, as well as sentence structure and meaning. It encompasses both syntax and semantics.

Question 13

If a baby is making speech-like,but meaningless,sounds,this is a universal phenomenon called

Accepted Answer

Babbling is the universal phenomenon in which a baby makes speech-like sounds, but these sounds are meaningless as they are not yet forming actual words or sentences. Cooing and gurgling are also common sounds made by babies, but they are not specific to the development of language. Murmuring is a vague term that could refer to any number of sounds, so it is not the best answer for this specific question.

Question 14

What is the term for a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects?

Accepted Answer

The term for a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects is referential language. This is when an individual uses simple one-word labels for objects to communicate their needs or wants. For example, a child may simply say "ball" to indicate they want to play with a ball.

Question 15

Climbing stairs,riding a bike,eating breakfast are all examples of what type of memory?

Accepted Answer

Climbing stairs, riding a bike, and other everyday activities that we perform without conscious thought are examples of implicit memory, which is a type of long-term memory that involves skills, habits, and other non-conscious forms of memory.

Question 16

What is the term for the overly broad use of words,overgeneralizing their meaning?

Accepted Answer

This is known as overextension, where a child uses a word too broadly and includes objects that don't fit the word's actual meaning. For example, a child calling every animal a dog.

Answer: A, C, D are all incorrect choices as they refer to different aspects of language development. 
A) Referential style refers to language that focuses on objects and their characteristics, rather than on emotions or relationships. 
C) Expressive style refers to the use of language to express personal feelings or beliefs. 
D) Telegraphic speech refers to the use of short, simple sentences by young children, usually consisting of only a few words.

Question 17

What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?

Accepted Answer

A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has meaning. It cannot be broken down into smaller units while still retaining its meaning. For example, "un-" and "happy" are two morphemes in the word "unhappy," where "un-" means not, and "happy" means joyous.

Question 18

A baby's first use of words usually comes in the form of ___________,which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase,whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.

Accepted Answer

The one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase and depend on context are known as "holophrases," which typically consist of two-word phrases. Phonemes refer to the smallest units of sound in a language, semantics is the study of meanings in language, and morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language but do not necessarily refer specifically to a baby's first words.

Question 19

Baby Misha scored at the average level on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,performing at the average level for children of the same age.She received a score of

Accepted Answer

The average score on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development is 100. Therefore, Baby Misha received a score of 100, as she performed at the average level for children of the same age.

Question 20

By the age of two,most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.

Accepted Answer

The term "telegraphic" refers to the use of short, simple sentences that leave out non-critical words, such as articles and prepositions. This is typical of early language development in young children, around the age of two, when they are just beginning to string words together into sentences. "Holophrasic" speech, on the other hand, refers to the use of a single word to convey a complex idea or meaning, which is more typical of even younger children around the age of one. "Phonemic" and "semantic" refer to aspects of language structure and meaning, but are not directly related to the development of two-word sentences in young children.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy