Question 1

Researcher Renée Baillargeon believes that knowledge about objects is not built in, but that the strategies for learning are innate.

Accepted Answer

Renée Baillargeon's research suggests that while knowledge about objects may not be innate, the strategies for learning about them are built in.

Question 2

According to Piaget's theory, infants are born with an understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, infants are born with basic sensorimotor reflexes, but they gradually develop an understanding of the world through their experiences and interactions with the environment. They do not have an innate understanding of the nature of objects and their behavior.

Question 3

In the theoretical debate about language development, one could say that B. F. Skinner is a behaviourist and Noam Chomsky is a nativist.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner's theory emphasizes the role of environmental factors, such as reinforcement and punishment, in language development, while Noam Chomsky's theory posits that humans have an innate ability to acquire language known as the "language acquisition device."

Question 4

Mavis Gunther hypothesized that classical conditioning was at work when she studied the effects on babies of inexperienced mothers' breast-feeding techniques.

Accepted Answer

Mavis Gunther hypothesized that babies could associate certain sensations (such as touch, smell, or taste) with feeding, leading them to develop specific food preferences or aversions. This is a form of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus (the sensation) becomes associated with a biologically significant stimulus (the food).

Question 5

If a child has cerebral palsy and can't perform many tasks on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the accurate professional advice would be to suggest the use of the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a child has cerebral palsy and...

Question 6

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should watch no television.

Accepted Answer

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all, including television. This is because early brain development is important for language, communication, and cognitive skills, and excessive screen time during this critical period can lead to developmental delays and behavioral problems.

Question 7

Research shows that there is no difference in the early language development of children raised in poverty compared to children raised by better-off parents.

Accepted Answer

Research actually shows that children raised in poverty are at risk for delayed language development and have smaller vocabularies compared to children raised in more affluent households.

Question 8

Cooing is the repetitive vocalizing of consonant-vowel combinations by an infant.

Accepted Answer

Cooing is the early vocalization stage where infants produce soft, murmuring sounds, primarily using vowels (e.g., "oo", "ah"), not consonant-vowel combinations.

Question 9

Infant-directed speech is simplified, higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children.

Accepted Answer

Infant-directed speech, also known as "motherese" or "baby talk," is indeed simplified and higher-pitched speech that adults use when communicating with infants and young children. This type of speech can facilitate language learning and attention in young children.

Question 10

One of the benefits of an infant's exposure to television is cognitive stimulation.

Accepted Answer

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no television exposure for infants under 18 months, as studies have found that it does not benefit cognitive development and may even be detrimental to language development and attention span. Instead, infants should engage in interactive activities with their caregivers to facilitate cognitive stimulation.

Question 11

Developmentalists know that, with respect to language development, children whose parents talk to them often, read to them regularly, and use a wider range of words in speech differ from children whose parent do not.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that children whose parents talk to them often, read to them regularly, and use a wider range of words in speech tend to have better language development than children whose parents do not engage in these behaviors. This highlights the importance of caregiver input in language development.

Question 12

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence is one of the best known and most widely used tests of infant intelligence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence is...

Question 13

Newborns can learn by operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Newborns have been shown to learn by operant conditioning, such as sucking to get milk or pacifying oneself to stop discomfort. This form of learning helps infants adapt to their environment and obtain necessary resources.

Question 14

An infant of 2 months of age will not look for her bottle if it accidentally rolls away.

Accepted Answer

At 2 months of age, infants have not yet developed object permanence, which means they do not understand that objects continue to exist even if they cannot see them. Therefore, if an infant's bottle rolls away, they will not search for it because they do not realize that it still exists.

Question 15

According to Piaget's theory, means-end behaviour is carried out in the pursuit of a specific goal.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, means-end behavior is when a person carries out a series of steps to achieve a specific goal.

Question 16

The concept that smaller categories are nested within larger ones is called "hierarchical categorization."

Accepted Answer

Hierarchical categorization refers to the way in which categories are organized into a hierarchy, with smaller, more specific categories nested within larger, more general ones.

Question 17

Noam Chomsky would be considered to have a constructivist view of language development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Noam Chomsky would be considered to have...

Question 18

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they can't be seen is known as "deferred imitation."

Accepted Answer

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they can't be seen is known as "object permanence." Deferred imitation refers to the ability to imitate actions seen in the past.

Question 19

Infants as young as 2 months old are capable of imitating observed behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that infants as young as 2 months old are capable of imitating observed behavior, such as sticking out their tongue, opening and closing their mouth, or waving their arms.

Question 20

Object individuation is the process by which an infant differentiates and recognizes distinct objects based on mental images of objects in the environment.

Accepted Answer

Object individuation refers to the ability to mentally represent and distinguish individual objects as separate entities in the environment. This process is essential for the development of object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Infants typically begin to demonstrate object individuation around 3-4 months of age.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy