Question 1

Of all the decisions we make in our lives,we are most likely to express the greatest regret regarding our education and career choices because there are few alternatives from which to choose.

Accepted Answer

People often express regret about education and career choices due to their long-term impact and personal significance, not because of a lack of alternatives.

Question 2

Reference points are important in decision making.

Accepted Answer

Reference points provide a frame of reference or comparison against which decisions and choices can be evaluated, making them important in decision making.

Question 3

Research on the way decisions are framed suggests that framing in terms of gains leads to better decision making than framing in terms of losses.

Accepted Answer

Research on decision framing, particularly Prospect Theory by Kahneman and Tversky, suggests that people are risk-averse when decisions are framed in terms of gains and risk-seeking when framed in terms of losses, not necessarily leading to better decision-making.

Question 4

According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis of Sapir and Whorf,the structure of the language an individual speaks has an impact on the way in which that individual thinks about the world.

Accepted Answer

The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Sapir and Whorf suggests that the structure and vocabulary of a language shapes the way its speakers think and perceive the world around them. Therefore, language does have an impact on an individual's thinking.

Question 5

Research has suggested that meaning representation begins with basic units called __________,which are the main ideas of utterances.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has suggested that meaning representation begins...

Question 6

We can conclude from Philip Tetlock's research that with respect to politics,no one can routinely predict the future.

Accepted Answer

Philip Tetlock's research found that experts in politics and forecasting were not consistently accurate in their predictions and that events were often unpredictable.

Question 7

With respect to language understanding,structural ambiguity refers to a situation in which a word has two meanings.

Accepted Answer

Structural ambiguity actually refers to a situation in which a sentence or phrase has more than one meaning due to the way it is structured or parsed. It is not limited to just one word having multiple meanings.

Question 8

Heuristics are cognitive strategies that always provide the right answer for a particular problem.

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are generally helpful problem-solving strategies, but they do not always guarantee the correct solution. Heuristics are often based on past experience, intuition, or common sense, which can be useful but may also lead to errors in judgment or biases. Therefore, heuristics are not infallible and can sometimes result in incorrect answers.

Question 9

The task of balancing a checkbook is a good example of a well-defined problem.

Accepted Answer

Balancing a checkbook involves a clear set of steps that need to be followed in order to reconcile the account and ensure that the amount of money shown in the checkbook matches the amount of money in the bank account. This is a well-defined problem that has a clear solution.

Question 10

A test of reasoning ability includes a number of problems in which two or more statements or premises are presented and it is the task of the test-taker to draw a conclusion.This type of problem is an example of inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

This type of problem is an example of deductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn based on given premises. Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations.

Question 11

In our conversations with others,missing information is often filled in on the basis of a sample of evidence or on the basis of prior beliefs and theories.These logical assumptions are called __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In our conversations with others,missing information is...

Question 12

People engaged in analogical problem solving will try to remember similar problems they have experienced in the past and solutions that were successful.

Accepted Answer

Analogical problem solving involves using past experiences and solutions to similar problems as a guide for solving a new problem. Therefore, people engaged in this process will try to remember similar problems they have experienced in the past and solutions that were successful.

Question 13

A woman has six children-three boys (B)and three girls (G).According to the representativeness heuristic,you are more likely to believe that she had these children in the G-B-G-B-B-G order than in the B-B-B-G-G-G order because your past experience with birth orders allows you to assume this.

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut where people assume that a particular event or object belongs to a certain category if it has characteristics that are typical of that category. In this case, people might assume that the birth order of the children follows the pattern of G-B-G-B-B-G because it seems more representative of what they expect for a family with three boys and three girls. Therefore, the answer is true.

Question 14

Participants in a research study judged that the letter k is found more often at the beginning of words than in the third position,based on information that was readily available in memory.This error is judgment is an example of the representativeness heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described is an example of the availability heuristic, not the representativeness heuristic. The participants are relying on information that is more readily available in their memory (i.e. words that start with k) to make a judgment about the frequency of k in different positions, rather than using statistical or probabilistic reasoning to make a more accurate judgment based on representative data.

Question 15

The domain of __________ occupies the intersection of philosophy,neuroscience,linguistics,cognitive psychology,and computer science (artificial intelligence).

Accepted Answer

The answer of The domain of __________ occupies the intersection...

Question 16

When solving problems,there are times when a "mental set" may be helpful to performance,and other times when it may be harmful to performance.

Accepted Answer

Mental set can be helpful in situations where there is a familiar problem and a known solution, as it allows for quick and efficient problem solving. However, it can be harmful in situations where a new approach or solution is needed, as it may prevent individuals from considering alternative strategies.

Question 17

Processes of judgment and decision making do not allow us to deal efficiently with uncertainty.

Accepted Answer

Judgment and decision-making processes are specifically designed to help individuals evaluate options and make choices under conditions of uncertainty, using strategies and heuristics to manage and reduce uncertainty.

Question 18

A(n)__________ is a speech error in which there is an exchange of the initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase or sentence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A(n)__________ is a speech error in which...

Question 19

"Functional fixedness" is the term used to refer to the inability to think of a new use for an object previously associated with some other purpose.

Accepted Answer

This is the correct definition of functional fixedness.

Question 20

In problem solving,the initial state and goal state make up the problem space.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In problem solving,the initial state and goal...

Quiz 9: A: Cognitive Processes