All of the Following Are Viewed as Possible Causes of Addiction

All of the following are viewed as possible causes of addiction from the psychodynamic model EXCEPT

A) negative experiences associated with one's support systems are at the root of one developing addiction.
B) history of psychopathology is a precursor for addiction.
C) dysfunctional attachment with parents or other providers during childhood.
D) substance problems develop due to poor affect regulation.