Question 1

The standard error is a valuable piece of information because it indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter. A larger standard
Error indicates _____, while a smaller standard error means that estimates are more clustered around a population parameter.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because the standard error is a valuable piece of information because it indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter. A larger standard indicates sample estimates are widely dispersed while a smaller standard error means that estimates are more clustered around a population parameter. The standard error is also a function of the sample size-an inverse function. This means that as the sample size increases, the standard error decreases.
B. This is an incorrect answer because the standard error is a valuable piece of information because it indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter. A larger standard indicates sample estimates are widely dispersed while a smaller standard error means that estimates are more clustered around a population parameter. The standard error is also a function of the sample size-an inverse function. This means that as the sample size increases, the standard error decreases.
C. The correct answer is "C" because the standard error is a valuable piece of information because it indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter. A larger standard indicates sample estimates are widely dispersed while a smaller standard error means that estimates are more clustered around a population parameter. The standard error is also a function of the sample size-an inverse function. This means that as the sample size increases, the standard error decreases.
D. This is an incorrect answer because the standard error is a valuable piece of information because it indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter. A larger standard indicates sample estimates are widely dispersed while a smaller standard error means that estimates are more clustered around a population parameter. The standard error is also a function of the sample size-an inverse function. This means that as the sample size increases, the standard error decreases.

Question 2

Simple random sampling forms the basis of probability theory and the statistical tools used to estimate population parameters, standard error, and confidence intervals. Such statistics assume unbiased sampling, and simple random sampling is the foundation of _____.

Accepted Answer

unbiased sampling

Question 3

A population is the theoretically specified grouping of study elements. For example, a vague term delinquents might describe the target for a study, a more precise description of the population includes the definition of the element delinquents for example, a person charged with a delinquent offense), the _____ for the study charged with a delinquent offense in the previous six months), and often a particular area.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because a specific population should describe the total number of persons to be studied charged with the offense during a certain time limit and a certain area.
B. This is an incorrect answer because a specific population should describe the total number of persons to be studied charged with the offense during a certain time limit and a certain area.
C. This is an incorrect answer because a specific population should describe the total number of persons to be studied charged with the offense during a certain time limit and a certain area.
D. The correct answer is "D" because This is an incorrect answer because a specific population should describe the total number of persons to be studied charged with the offense during a certain time limit and a certain area.

Question 4

Sampling in general refers to selecting part of a population. In selecting samples, a researcher wants to do two related things. First, researcher selects samples to represent some larger population of people or other things. Second, the researcher may want to generalize from a sample to an unobserved population the sample is intended to represent.

Accepted Answer

This is true because in selecting samples, two related things are important. First, samples should represent some larger population of people or other things. Second, results should have the ability to be generalized from a sample to an unobserved population the sample is intended to represent.

Question 5

Probability sampling techniques enable us to make relatively few observations and then generalize from those observations to a much wider population. For example, if a researcher is interested in what proportion of high school students have used marijuana, collecting data from a _____ of a few thousand students will serve just as well as trying to study every high school student in the country.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because purpose of the probability sampling techniques is to enable us to make select a relatively few observations and then generalize from those observations to a much wider population. For example, if a researcher is interested in what proportion of high school students have used marijuana, collecting data from a probability sample of a few thousand students will serve just as well as trying to study every high school student in the country.
B. This is an incorrect answer because purpose of the probability sampling techniques is to enable us to make select a relatively few observations and then generalize from those observations to a much wider population. For example, if a researcher is interested in what proportion of high school students have used marijuana, collecting data from a probability sample of a few thousand students will serve just as well as trying to study every high school student in the country.
C. The correct answer is "C" because purpose of the probability sampling techniques is to enable us to make select a relatively few observations and then generalize from those observations to a much wider population. For example, if a researcher is interested in what proportion of high school students have used marijuana, collecting data from a probability sample of a few thousand students will serve just as well as trying to study every high school student in the country.
D. This is an incorrect answer because purpose of the probability sampling techniques is to enable us to make select a relatively few observations and then generalize from those observations to a much wider population. For example, if a researcher is interested in what proportion of high school students have used marijuana, collecting data from a probability sample of a few thousand students will serve just as well as trying to study every high school student in the country

Question 6

Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a _____ so as to estimate the accuracy of those findings. All statements of accuracy in sampling must specify both a confidence level and a confidence interval.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory so as to estimate the accuracy of those findings. All statements of accuracy in sampling must specify both a confidence level and a confidence interval.
B. The correct answer is "B" because random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory so as to estimate the accuracy of those findings. All statements of accuracy in sampling must specify both a confidence level and a confidence interval.
C. This is an incorrect answer because random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory so as to estimate the accuracy of those findings. All statements of accuracy in sampling must specify both a confidence level and a confidence interval.
D. This is an incorrect answer because random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory so as to estimate the accuracy of those findings. All statements of accuracy in sampling must specify both a confidence level and a confidence interval.

Question 7

With the inferences and estimations a researcher is able to estimate a population parameter and the expected degree of error on the basis of one sample drawn from a population. The logic of confidence levels and confidence intervals provides the basis for determining the _____ for a study. Once we decide on the sampling error we can tolerate, we can calculate the number of cases needed in our Sample.

Accepted Answer

A. The correct answer is "A" because with the inferences and estimations a researcher is able to estimate a population parameter and the expected degree of error on the basis of one sample drawn from a population. The logic of confidence levels and confidence intervals provides the basis for determining the appropriate sample size for a study. Once we decide on the sampling error we can tolerate, we can calculate the number of cases needed in our Sample.
B. This is an incorrect answer because with the inferences and estimations a researcher is able to estimate a population parameter and the expected degree of error on the basis of one sample drawn from a population. The logic of confidence levels and confidence intervals provides the basis for determining the appropriate sample size for a study. Once we decide on the sampling error we can tolerate, we can calculate the number of cases needed in our Sample.
C. This is an incorrect answer because with the inferences and estimations a researcher is able to estimate a population parameter and the expected degree of error on the basis of one sample drawn from a population. The logic of confidence levels and confidence intervals provides the basis for determining the appropriate sample size for a study. Once we decide on the sampling error we can tolerate, we can calculate the number of cases needed in our Sample.
D. This is an incorrect answer because with the inferences and estimations a researcher is able to estimate a population parameter and the expected degree of error on the basis of one sample drawn from a population. The logic of confidence levels and confidence intervals provides the basis for determining the appropriate sample size for a study. Once we decide on the sampling error we can tolerate, we can calculate the number of cases needed in our Sample.

Question 8

A population is the theoretically specified grouping of study elements. Whereas the vague term delinquents might describe the target for a study, a more precise description of the population includes the definition of the element delinquents.

Accepted Answer

A population is a well-defined group of study elements. A vague term like "delinquents" does not provide a specific definition of the elements in the population. A more precise definition of the population is necessary for research purposes.

Question 9

Snowball Sampling is another type of nonprobability sampling that closely resembles the available-subjects approach. Snowball sampling is commonly used in field observation studies or specialized interviewing. It begins by identifying a single subject or small number of subjects and then asking the subjects to _____.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because Snowball Sampling is another type of nonprobability sampling that closely resembles the available-subjects approach. Snowball sampling is commonly used in field observation studies or specialized interviewing. It begins by identifying a single subject or small number of subjects and then asking the subjects) to identify others like him or her who might be willing to participate in a study. For example the criminal justice researcher often makes an initial contact by consulting criminal justice agency records to identify, say, someone convicted of auto theft and placed on probation. That person is interviewed and asked to suggest other auto thieves whom researchers could contact. This is called snowball sampling technique.
B. This is an incorrect answer because Snowball Sampling is another type of nonprobability sampling that closely resembles the available-subjects approach. Snowball sampling is commonly used infield observation studies or specialized interviewing. It begins by identifying a single subject or small number of subjects and then asking the subjects) to identify others like him or her who might be willing to participate in a study. For example the criminal justice researcher often makes an initial contact by consulting criminal justice agency records to identify, say, someone convicted of auto theft and placed on probation. That person is interviewed and asked to suggest other auto thieves whom researchers could contact. This is called snowball sampling technique.
C. This is an incorrect answer because Snowball Sampling is another type of nonprobability sampling that closely resembles the available-subjects approach. Snowball sampling is commonly used in field observation studies or specialized interviewing. It begins by identifying a single subject or small number of subjects and then asking the subjects) to identify others like him or her who might be willing to participate in a study. For example the criminal justice researcher often makes an initial contact by consulting criminal justice agency records to identify, say, someone convicted of auto theft and placed on probation. That person is interviewed and asked to suggest other auto thieves whom researchers could contact. This is called snowball sampling technique.
D. The correct answer is "D" because a Snowball Sampling is another type of nonprobability sampling that closely resembles the available-subjects approach. Snowball sampling is commonly used in field observation studies or specialized interviewing. It begins by identifying a single subject or small number of subjects and then asking the subjects) to identify others like him or her who might be willing to participate in a study. For example the criminal justice researcher often makes an initial contact by consulting criminal justice agency records to identify, say, someone convicted of auto theft and placed on probation. That person is interviewed and asked to suggest other auto thieves whom researchers could contact. This is called snowball sampling technique.

Question 10

A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Samples that have this quality are often labeled equal probability of selection method EPSEM) samples. Even carefully selected EPSEM samples are _____ of the populations from which they are drawn.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Samples that have this quality are often labeled equal probability of selection method EPSEM) samples. Even carefully selected EPSEM samples are not always perfectly representative of the populations from which they are drawn.
B. The correct answer is "B" because basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Samples that have this quality are often labeled equal probability of selection method EPSEM) samples. Even carefully selected EPSEM samples are not always perfectly representative of the populations from which they are drawn.
C. This is an incorrect answer because basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Samples that have this quality are often labeled equal probability of selection method EPSEM) samples. Even carefully selected EPSEM samples are not always perfectly representative of the populations from which they are drawn.
D. This is an incorrect answer because basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Samples that have this quality are often labeled equal probability of selection method EPSEM) samples. Even carefully selected EPSEM samples are not always perfectly representative of the populations from which they are drawn.

Question 11

Probability theory allows a researcher to draw _____ around the value found in a larger population. With a basic understanding of the logic of probability sampling a researcher can examine how probability sampling works in practice.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because probability theory allows a researcher to draw inferences about how sampled data are distributed around the value found in a larger population. With a basic understanding of the logic of probability sampling a researcher can examine how probability sampling works in practice.
B. This is an incorrect answer because probability theory allows a researcher to draw inferences about how sampled data are distributed around the value found in a larger population. With a basic understanding of the logic of probability sampling a researcher can examine how probability sampling works in practice.
C. This is an incorrect answer because probability theory allows a researcher to draw inferences about how sampled data are distributed around the value found in a larger population. With a basic understanding of the logic of probability sampling a researcher can examine how probability sampling works in practice.
D. The correct answer is "D" because probability theory allows a researcher to draw inferences about how sampled data are distributed around the value found in a larger population. With a basic understanding of the logic of probability sampling a researcher can examine how probability sampling works in practice.

Question 12

Probability sampling helps researchers generalize from observed cases to any observed ones.

Accepted Answer

Probability sampling is a random sampling technique that ensures every individual in the study population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample. This allows for the generalization of findings from the observed sample to the entire population.

Question 13

A sampling frame is the list or quasi-list of elements from which a probability sample is selected. It is a sampling frame is a list or quasi-list of target population. It is a "quasi-list" because, even though an actual list might not exist, samples can be drawn as if there were a list. Properly drawn samples provide information appropriate for describing the _____ that compose the sampling frame.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because a sampling frame is the list or quasi-list of elements from which a probability sample is selected. It is a sampling frame is a list or quasi-list of target population. It is a "quasi-list" because, even though an actual list might not exist, samples can be drawn as if there were a list. Properly drawn samples provide information appropriate for describing the population of elements that compose the sampling frame.
B. The correct answer is "B" because a sampling frame is the list or quasi-list of elements from which a probability sample is selected. It is a sampling frame is a list or quasi-list of target population. It is a "quasi-list" because, even though an actual list might not exist, samples can be drawn as if there were a list. Properly drawn samples provide information appropriate for describing the population of elements that compose the sampling frame.
C. This is an incorrect answer because a sampling frame is the list or quasi-list of elements from which a probability sample is selected. It is a sampling frame is a list or quasi-list of target population. It is a "quasi-list" because, even though an actual list might not exist, samples can be drawn as if there were a list. Properly drawn samples provide information appropriate for describing the population of elements that compose the sampling frame.
D. This is an incorrect answer because a sampling frame is the list or quasi-list of elements from which a probability sample is selected. It is a sampling frame is a list or quasi-list of target population. It is a "quasi-list" because, even though an actual list might not exist, samples can be drawn as if there were a list. Properly drawn samples provide information appropriate for describing the population of elements that compose the sampling frame.

Question 14

Although probability sampling is central to criminal justice research, _____. A variety of nonprobability sampling techniques are available in such cases. Nonprobability sampling has its own logic and can provide useful samples for criminal justice inquiry. However, one of the most important goals of all sampling is to reduce, or at least understand, the potential biases that may be at work in selecting subjects.

Accepted Answer

A. The correct answer is "A" because probability sampling cannot be used in all situations. A variety of nonprobability sampling techniques are available in such cases. Nonprobability sampling has its own logic and can provide useful samples for criminal justice inquiry. However, one of the most important goals of all sampling is to reduce, or at least understand, the potential biases that may be at work in selecting subjects.
B. This is an incorrect answer because probability sampling cannot be used in all situations. A variety of nonprobability sampling techniques are available in such cases. Nonprobability sampling has its own logic and can provide useful samples for criminal justice inquiry. However, one of the most important goals of all sampling is to reduce, or at least understand, the potential biases that may be at work in selecting subjects.
C. This is an incorrect answer because probability sampling cannot be used in all situations. A variety of nonprobability sampling techniques are available in such cases. Nonprobability sampling has its own logic and can provide useful samples for criminal justice inquiry. However, one of the most important goals of all sampling is to reduce, or at least understand, the potential biases that may be at work in selecting subjects.
D. This is an incorrect answer because probability sampling cannot be used in all situations. A variety of nonprobability sampling techniques are available in such cases. Nonprobability sampling has its own logic and can provide useful samples for criminal justice inquiry. However, one of the most important goals of all sampling is to reduce, or at least understand, the potential biases that may be at work in selecting subjects.

Question 15

A sample is _____ from which it is selected if the aggregate characteristics of the sample closely approximate those same aggregate characteristics in the population. For example, if the population, percent contains 50 women, a representative sample will also contain 50 percent or very close to 50 percent women.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because a sample is representative of the population of interest from which it is selected if the aggregate characteristics of the sample closely approximate those same aggregate characteristics in the population. For example, if the population, percent contains 50 women, a representative sample will also contain 50 percent or very close to 50 percent women.
B. This is an incorrect answer because a sample is representative of the population of interest from which it is selected if the aggregate characteristics of the sample closely approximate those same aggregate characteristics in the population. For example, if the population, percent contains 50 women, a representative sample will also contain 50 percent or very close to 50 percent women.
C. The correct answer is "C" because a sample is representative of the population of interest from which it is selected if the aggregate characteristics of the sample closely approximate those same aggregate characteristics in the population. For example, if the population, percent contains 50 women, a representative sample will also contain 50 percent or very close to 50 percent women.
D. This is an incorrect answer because a sample is representative of the population of interest from which it is selected if the aggregate characteristics of the sample closely approximate those same aggregate characteristics in the population. For example, if the population, percent contains 50 women, a representative sample will also contain 50 percent or very close to 50 percent women.

Question 16

A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will not be representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. Samples that have this quality are often labeled equal probability of selection method (EPSEM) samples.

Accepted Answer

A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be more representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected in the sample. EPSEM samples are designed to ensure this equal chance, thereby aiming to make the sample representative.

Question 17

A sample element is that unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis. Typically, in survey research, elements are people or certain types of people.

Accepted Answer

This is true because a sample element is that unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis

Question 18

An important portion of criminal justice research involves estimating population
Parameters on the basis of sample observations. The summary description of a given variable in the sample is called a sample statistic. Sample statistics are used to make _____ parameters.

Accepted Answer

A. The correct answer is "A" because criminal justice research involves estimating population parameters on the basis of sample observations. The summary description of a given variable in the sample is called a sample statistic. Sample statistics are used to make estimates of population parameters. For example, the average income computed from a sample and the age distribution of that sample are statistics, and those statistics are used to estimate income and age parameters in a population.
B. This is an incorrect answer because criminal justice research involves estimating population parameters on the basis of sample observations. The summary description of a given variable in the sample is called a sample statistic. Sample statistics are used to make estimates of population parameters. For example, the average income computed from a sample and the age distribution of that sample are statistics, and those statistics are used to estimate income and age parameters in a population.
C. This is an incorrect answer because criminal justice research involves estimating population parameters on the basis of sample observations. The summary description of a given variable in the sample is called a sample statistic. Sample statistics are used to make estimates of population parameters. For example, the average income computed from a sample and the age distribution of that sample are statistics, and those statistics are used to estimate income and age parameters in a population.
D. This is an incorrect answer because criminal justice research involves estimating population parameters on the basis of sample observations. The summary description of a given variable in the sample is called a sample statistic. Sample statistics are used to make estimates of population parameters. For example, the average income computed from a sample and the age distribution of that sample are statistics, and those statistics are used to estimate income and age parameters in a population

Question 19

Sampling is ordinarily used to select observations for one of two related reasons. First, it is often not possible to collect information from all persons or other units we wish to study. For example, we may wish to know what proportion of all persons arrested in U.S. cities have recently used drugs, but collecting all that data would be virtually impossible. Thus, we select a _____.

Accepted Answer

A. This is an incorrect answer because since it is often not possible to collect information from all persons or other units we wish to study, we opt to select a representative sample. For example, we may wish to know what proportion of all persons arrested in U.S. cities have recently used drugs, but collecting all that data would be virtually impossible. So we carefully select a sample that represents population.
B. This is an incorrect answer because since it is often not possible to collect information from all persons or other units we wish to study, we opt to select a representative sample. For example, we may wish to know what proportion of all persons arrested in U.S. cities have recently used drugs, but collecting all that data would be virtually impossible. So we carefully select a sample that represents population.
C. This is an incorrect answer because since it is often not possible to collect information from all persons or other units we wish to study, we opt to select a representative sample. For example, we may wish to know what proportion of all persons arrested in U.S. cities have recently used drugs, but collecting all that data would be virtually impossible. So we carefully select a sample that represents population.
D. The correct answer is "D" because since it is often not possible to collect information from all persons or other units we wish to study, we opt to select a representative sample. For example, we may wish to know what proportion of all persons arrested in U.S. cities have recently used drugs, but collecting all that data would be virtually impossible. So we carefully select a sample that represents population.

Quiz 6: Section 2: Sampling