Question 1

The discovery that microbes appear associated with the development of heart disase

Accepted Answer

The association of microbes with heart disease is consistent with the role of inflammation in the development of heart disease. Inflammation is a known factor that contributes to the development of heart disease, and microbes have been shown to increase inflammation levels in the body. The other choices are not supported by the information given in the question.

Question 2

Methodologically rigorous studies of upper respiratory tract infections have found that after controlled exposure to rhinoviruses the individuals who develop colds

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

Which of the following is false

Accepted Answer

Pathogens in the body do not necessarily cause disease. Some pathogens can be present in the body without causing any harm, such as with asymptomatic carriers.

Question 4

Allergens most often arise from

Accepted Answer

Allergens most often arise from plant life, such as pollen, dust mites, and certain foods like nuts or fruits. While allergens can also come from animal protein or certain chemicals, they are not as common as plant-based allergens. Pharmaceuticals may cause adverse reactions but not necessarily allergies.

Question 5

One of the earliest recorded epidemics ocurred in

Accepted Answer

One of the earliest recorded epidemics occurred in Egypt in the third century BCE, when the region was hit by a plague that may have contributed to the decline of the ancient Egyptian civilization.

Question 6

The complexity of immune responses

Accepted Answer

Immune responses involve a delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals, with numerous checkpoints and feedback mechanisms regulating the response. This complexity is not solely determined by genetic factors, as it can also be influenced by environmental factors such as the type and virulence of the pathogen. Pathogen heterogeneity and response can also influence the complexity of immune responses.

Question 7

Infectious agents cause tissue damage via a variety of mechanism including the immune response itself. Which of the following is an example of immune mediated
Damage

Accepted Answer

Granuloma formation, molecular mimicry, and release of tumor necrosis factor-α are all examples of immune-mediated tissue damage. Granuloma formation occurs when the immune system walls off an infectious agent but can lead to tissue damage. Molecular mimicry occurs when the immune system attacks host tissues that resemble the infectious agent, leading to damage. Tumor necrosis factor-α is a cytokine released by immune cells that can cause inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, all three options are examples of immune-mediated tissue damage.

Question 8

Infectious agents are

Accepted Answer

Infectious agents can include a wide variety of organisms, not all of which are pathogenic (capable of causing disease) to every host. Some may exist harmlessly in one host but cause disease in another, and others may only cause disease under certain conditions.

Question 9

Which of the following pathogens has been implicated in both heart disease and peptic ulcers

Accepted Answer

None of the pathogens listed (cytomegalovirus, chlamydia pneumoniae, candida albicans) have been implicated in both heart disease and peptic ulcers. Helicobacter pylori is a well-known bacterium associated with peptic ulcers and has also been investigated for its potential links to heart disease, but it is not among the options provided.

Question 10

Allergic disorders are fundementally the result of an inflammatory response

Accepted Answer

Allergic disorders can sometimes lead to severe systemic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening.

Question 11

Research on the impact of psychosocial stress on infectious disease has shown that

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that HIV positive individuals who find meaning and maintain a positive outlook fare better in terms of the progression of illness. Other options are not supported by research findings.

Question 12

Which of the following is true about herd immunity

Accepted Answer

Herd immunity can diminish the probability of an epidemic by reducing the number of susceptibles in a population. Vaccination is a way to enhance herd immunity by increasing the number of individuals who are immune to a disease. Herd immunity also limits the opportunity for infectives to meet susceptibles by reducing the overall number of susceptibles in a population, making it harder for a disease to spread.

Question 13

Which of the following is false about infectious diseases

Accepted Answer

Older individuals are not always the most affected by infectious diseases. The impact of infectious diseases can vary based on factors such as the specific disease, geography, and population demographics.

Question 14

An understandig that infectious diseases are transmissable was not articulated until the which of the following centuries

Accepted Answer

The answer of An understandig that infectious diseases are transmissable...

Question 15

The term allergy or the concept of atopic diseases first entered the lexicon in the 20^th century, but the conditions were evident in antiquity. One of the earliest Known descriptions was that of

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term allergy or the concept of...

Question 16

Which of the following are subclassified based on shape and oxygen tolerance

Accepted Answer

Bacteria are subclassified based on their shape and oxygen tolerance. For example, bacteria can be cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), or spirilla (spiral-shaped). They can also be classified as aerobic (requiring oxygen), anaerobic (not requiring oxygen), or facultative (able to survive with or without oxygen).

Question 17

A disease is said to be endemic when it

Accepted Answer

Endemic diseases are those that are consistently present within a certain population or geographical area, affecting a relatively stable number of individuals over time.

Question 18

When an individual who has been infected remains susceptible to recurrences of disease symptoms the pathogen is said to have caused

Accepted Answer

A latent infection occurs when a pathogen remains dormant in the body and can reactivate at a later time, causing recurrent symptoms. This differs from chronic disease, which refers to a continuous or persistent disease state. Immune dysregulation and collateral damage are not necessarily indicative of a latent infection.

Question 19

Genetic studies of susceptibility to infectious diseases have found that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genetic studies of susceptibility to infectious diseases...

Question 20

Which of the following is true about zoonotic infections

Accepted Answer

Zoonotic infections are able to cross species and infect humans. They are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that are present in animals and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their products. Some zoonotic infections are also transmitted through insects such as ticks and mosquitoes. They can occur in a variety of settings, not just zoos.

Quiz 8: Infection, Allergy, and Psychosocial Stress