Question 1

Maireadoften hikes or camps by herself, and she's able to navigate the wilderness based on cues like the position of the sun, the flow of water, and the behaviour of the local wildlife. Animals seem to instinctively like her, and everything she plants in her garden grows. Mairead probably has

Accepted Answer

Mairead's ability to navigate the wilderness, understand the behaviour of wildlife, and grow plants suggest that she has naturalistic intelligence, which involves the ability to understand and observe patterns in nature.

Question 2

Nikki has just taken an IQ test and wants to know what exactly intelligence is. The person who tested her says he believes intelligence is one thing that cuts across virtually all tasks one completes. This core ability is

Accepted Answer

The person who tested Nikki believes that intelligence is a general ability that applies to a variety of tasks, which aligns with the concept of general intelligence (g). The other answer choices (gainful loss, general mental age, and mental giftedness) are not established theories or concepts in the field of psychology related to intelligence.

Question 3

Ted was bored by school, so his grades were poor throughout primary and secondary school. He eventually dropped out and started a business rebuilding classic cars with modern engines. Ted's business is very successful, and he loves what he does. Is Ted intelligent?

Accepted Answer

Intelligence cannot be solely measured by academic success. Ted has demonstrated an ability to learn and problem-solve in his business, which requires intelligence. Additionally, he has found a career he enjoys and is successful in, indicating a level of personal and emotional intelligence.

Question 4

Mona recently visited Montreal for the first time. She used the subway system even though she only speaks English. Mona is using

Accepted Answer

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns, which Mona is doing by navigating the subway system in a city where she doesn't speak the language.

Question 5

Margaret took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and was told that she has an IQ of 90. Margaret is certain this proves that her teachers are grading her unfairly when they give her C's. Margaret's friend Latisha explained that an IQ of 90 is not the same as a grading of 90 percent. Instead, it means that Margaret's

Accepted Answer

An IQ score of 90 falls at the 25th percentile, which means that Margaret's score is slightly below average. It does not suggest developmental disability, high IQ, or an invalid IQ test. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 6

Comparing children's mental ages, with the mental ages of their same-age peers, produced the first intelligence quotients. This means that if a seven-year-old child was performing as if she were a six-year-old, her IQ would be

Accepted Answer

The concept of IQ is based on the comparison of a child's mental age with the mental age expected of children that are the same chronological age. In this scenario, if a seven-year-old child is performing as if she were a six-year-old, her mental age would be six. To calculate her IQ, we divide her mental age by her chronological age and multiply by 100. Therefore, her IQ would be (6/7) x 100 = 85.7, which is equivalent to approximately 86. This score falls below the average IQ score of 100, indicating that this child is performing below average compared to her peers.

Question 7

Shamus grew up in an impoverished neighbourhood with a lot of crime and poor educational opportunities. Because everyone fought over the few available resources, sometimes the only way to stay alive was to fight or steal. Shamus wants to go to college so he can build a better life for himself. When he begins taking classes, he's stunned by how little in the way of "street smarts" his classmates have. They might get better grades than he does, he thinks, but they wouldn't survive a week in the environment in which he grew up. About what kind of intellectual competence is Shamus thinking?

Accepted Answer

Shamus is referring to practical intelligence, which is the ability to apply knowledge to real-world situations and adapt to different environments. He believes that his classmates lack this type of intelligence, as they may excel academically but may not have the skills needed to survive in the streets.

Question 8

Mr. Gannon tells his class that he is going to give them an intelligence test. The test, he says, is only a page long and will accurately tell him whether or not each student has a high IQ. When Moira receives her copy of the test, she sees that the questions include items like "Mr. Gannon is the best teacher I've ever had" and "I tell my parents what a good job Mr. Gannon does when he is teaching me." Clearly, Moira thinks, this test has little

Accepted Answer

The questions on the test do not appear to be measuring intelligence in any valid or reliable way. The questions lack construct validity, meaning they do not actually measure what they are claiming to measure. There is no evidence that the test has any internal consistency or criterion-related validity, making choices A and D incorrect. Crystallized intelligence refers to a person's knowledge and skills acquired through prior learning and experience, and is not relevant to the question at hand.

Question 9

If you chart the IQ scores of every living Canadian, the statistical distribution will look like a

Accepted Answer

The distribution of IQ scores in a large population tends to follow a normal distribution, with most scores clustering around the middle and few scores at the extreme ends. This means that the majority of Canadians will have IQ scores that fall within a certain range, with fewer individuals having IQ scores that are much higher or much lower than average.

Question 10

Tatum is taking a class on intelligence, in which she learns that her generation is smarter than her parents' generation, who are smarter than their own parents. This progressive increase in intelligence scores is called the

Accepted Answer

The progressive increase in intelligence scores over generations is known as the Flynn effect, named after the researcher who first identified it, James R. Flynn. It is believed to be a result of numerous environmental factors such as better access to education, improved nutrition, and more intellectually stimulating environments. The Barnum effect refers to people's tendency to accept general and vague statements as accurate descriptions of their personality. The criterion effect refers to variations in test scores due to differences in the difficulty level of different versions of the same test. The hindsight bias refers to the tendency for people to falsely believe, after an event, that they would have predicted or expected the outcome of that event.

Question 11

When Janine takes the personality test in the latest issue of Appeal magazine, her scores suggest that she is kind, generous, and caring. When she retakes the test later that week with several friends, her scores suggest she is self-centered, vain, and competitive. Janine's wildly different scores suggest a significant

Accepted Answer

The wildly different scores on Janine's personality test indicate a lack of test-retest reliability, as she should have received similar scores when taking the test multiple times.

Question 12

The concept of g makes sense to Xavier, but he also likes Thurstone's idea that there are specific mental abilities, and Cattell and Horn's idea that g can be broken down into smaller factors. Xavier decides that intelligence must be hierarchical, with general abilities at the top, broad categories in the middle, and specific abilities at the bottom. Xavier would probably prefer

Accepted Answer

John B. Carroll's three-level theory of intelligence aligns with Xavier's belief that intelligence is hierarchical, with general abilities at the top, broad categories in the middle, and specific abilities at the bottom. Carroll's theory includes three levels of intelligence: general, broad, and narrow. This aligns with Xavier's belief that intelligence can be broken down into smaller factors while still acknowledging the existence of a general factor of intelligence (g). Mayer and Salovey's emotional intelligence theory, Sternberg's triarchic theory, and Gardner's multiple intelligences theory all propose alternative frameworks for understanding intelligence that do not necessarily align with Xavier's hierarchical perspective.

Question 13

Martin is a very successful trial attorney. He rarely loses a case, because he is so good at convincing the jury to see them from his point of view. He is also active in his community and makes speeches to various groups to persuade them to support the causes in which he believes. His friends joke that he can charm anyone with his silver tongue and that he should run for political office. Martin probably has

Accepted Answer

The ability to use language effectively and persuasively is a key aspect of linguistic intelligence, and Martin's talents as a trial attorney and public speaker suggest that he has a high level of linguistic intelligence.

Question 14

Dr. Tavorian is developing a new intelligence theory. He believes that intelligence consists of several different facets, but he doesn't know how many. He gives his subjects a variety of tests that measure different mental skills. To figure out which tests are tapping the same aspects of intelligence, he should use

Accepted Answer

Multiple-factor analysis is the statistical technique that can help identify which tests are tapping the same aspects of intelligence. It is a type of factor analysis that looks for underlying factors (or facets in this case) that explain the pattern of correlations among a set of variables (or tests). This approach can be used to identify the distinct facets of intelligence that make up overall intelligence. The other options listed are not as well-suited for this purpose. The WAIS-III is a test of overall intelligence that measures verbal and nonverbal abilities, but it does not provide information about specific facets or skills. A positive matrix is a tool used to assess problem-solving and critical thinking abilities, but it does not address the question of which mental skills are related. The g factor refers to general intelligence, or the idea that intelligence is a single, innate ability that is reflected in performance on a variety of tasks, rather than several distinct facets.

Question 15

Alfred Binet was commissioned to develop the first true intelligence test. The test was intended to be used to

Accepted Answer

Binet was commissioned by the French government to develop a test that could identify schoolchildren who were at risk of falling behind in their studies and would benefit from additional educational support. The test was not intended to predict future success or promote soldiers, as in options B, C, and D.

Question 16

Spence just received his IQ report, and his Full-Scale IQ is 110. The tester tells him that his score must be considered in context; that is, his IQ is a comparison of his score to the scores of

Accepted Answer

IQ scores are typically compared to the scores of people in the same age group or peer group. This helps to ensure that the score is a relevant and meaningful comparison. Therefore, Spence's IQ score must be compared to the scores of his peers - people who are about the same age as him.

Question 17

One theorist argues against a single g factor and suggests that we focus instead on the abilities that are most adaptive in the culture being observed, whether they are book smarts, musical smarts, or sports smarts. In other words, this concept of intelligence includes not only mental competencies but also adaptive abilities. This theory is called

Accepted Answer

This theory is called Gardner's multiple intelligences theory, which posits that intelligence should be viewed as encompassing a range of different abilities that are valued by different cultures. Gardner identifies eight different areas of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

Question 18

Kahlil has never felt that he is particularly smart. He doesn't "get" things as quickly as other people do, and he has to work hard for his good grades. However, because he is determined to be the first in his family to complete college and land a good job, he is willing to put in the extra time and practice. When he graduates from college, he chooses a career that allows him to apply all of his carefully memorized facts and theories. In other words, Kahlil is relying on his

Accepted Answer

Crystallized intelligence refers to knowledge and skills that have been acquired through experience and education, and is often measured through vocabulary tests or tests of general knowledge. Kahlil's determination to succeed despite not feeling naturally intelligent suggests that he has developed a strong base of crystallized intelligence through his hard work and dedication to his education. His choice of a career that allows him to apply carefully memorized facts and theories further supports this idea. On the other hand, fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think abstractly and solve problems in novel situations, and emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive and manage emotions in oneself and others. Naturalistic intelligence refers to the ability to understand and interact with the natural world, which is not directly relevant to Kahlil's situation.

Question 19

Rashais considered quick and clever by those around her. She is usually the first to see a solution when faced with a novel problem, and her ideas tend to be unusual and creative. Rasha probably has high

Accepted Answer

Rasha's ability to quickly come up with creative solutions to novel problems suggests that she has high fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to think abstractly and solve problems in new situations. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, pertains to knowledge acquired through experience and education, and is not necessarily linked to problem-solving ability. Emotional intelligence refers to an individual's ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions, which is not directly related to Rasha's problem-solving skills. Naturalistic intelligence pertains to an individual's ability to recognize and classify elements in the environment, and is also not directly linked to problem-solving ability.

Question 20

One cognitive-processing theorist suggests that researchers should examine not only the processes involved in intelligent behaviour but also the forms intelligence can take. The theory refers to people who emphasize framing problems and developing strategies as intelligent because they are adept at adaptive problem solving, This approach is called

Accepted Answer

The triarchic theory of intelligence emphasizes both the processes involved in intelligent behaviour (analytical, creative, and practical) and the forms intelligence can take. This includes the ability to frame problems and develop strategies, which is considered a form of adaptive problem solving. Therefore, option B is the best choice. Option A (emotional intelligence), option C (multiple intelligences), and option D (three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities) do not specifically address the emphasis on problem framing and strategy development.

Quiz 9: Language and Thought