Question 1

Larsen argues that the changes in thought that occur as children become adolescents are gradual and subtle. Dr. Larsen's views are ___________ with Piaget's view of cognitive development and are _____________ with the information-processing view.

Accepted Answer

In contrast to Piaget's view of defined stages in cognitive development, theorists who emphasize information-processing skills see the changes associated with the transition from childhood to adolescent thinking as much more gradual, with shifts back and forth between formal operational thought and earlier cognitive modes.

Question 2

Joshua's friends tease him because he always tries to conform his behavior to what he believes his friends are doing. In this sense, the stage of moral development that most likely characterizes his behavior would be:

Accepted Answer

The conventional level of moral development is based in large part on conformity to social expectations and stereotypes.

Question 3

According to David Elkind, adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them is called the:

Accepted Answer

The assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on adolescents is referred to as the imaginary audience, according to David Elkind. This is a common experience during adolescence, where individuals may believe that people are constantly watching and evaluating their every move.

Question 4

Adolescents' feeling that they are special and invulnerable and exempt from the laws that control the destinies of ordinary people is called the:

Accepted Answer

The feeling of being special and invulnerable is referred to as personal fable in adolescence psychology. This is the belief that an individual is unique and immune to the risks and dangers that affect ordinary people.

Question 5

On Nicole's first day of junior high school, she felt that all the students were scrutinizing every move she made. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Nicole has created a(n)

Accepted Answer

Imaginary audience refers to adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them.

Question 6

Suppose that Derrell is trying to decide whether he should buy a used car. He logically considers all of the advantages and disadvantages and comes to a carefully-reasoned decision. The decision process Derrell used would be considered:

Accepted Answer

"Cold" decision processes are guided by analytic reasoning and logic, whereas "hot" processes involve emotion and intuition.

Question 7

According to the text, the best way to think about the relationship between most adolescents and their parents is to emphasize the term:

Accepted Answer

Instead of talking about rebellion and the painful separation or alienation of teenagers from their families, many researchers prefer to describe adolescence as a time in which parents and teenagers negotiate new relationships with one another, much as they do with the negotiation of shared goals in the process of coregulation.

Question 8

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the rate of teenage obesity in the Unites States today is about __________ it was in the late 1970s.

Accepted Answer

The 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), compiled by the United States National Center for Health Statistics, revealed that nearly 18% of all U.S. teens were obese: In 1976 to 1980 this percentage was only 5%.

Question 9

If Melinda's parents wanted her to think about moral judgments at a level higher than she typically uses, their best strategy to encourage her moral development would be to:

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg and his colleagues set up experimental moral education classes for children and adolescents and demonstrated that moral reasoning could be taught. In the classes, Adolescents were presented with a problem and asked to give a solution. If the answer was argued at Stage 4 of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, the discussion leader suggested a Stage 5 rationale to see if the teenager thought it was a good alternative. The students almost always found that slightly more advanced reasoning was more appealing and, through repeated discussions, they sooner or later began to form judgments at higher stages.

Question 10

Both the imaginary audience and the personal fable emphasize that adolescence is a period of the lifespan in which individuals are overly concerned about themselves. The overarching term that best describes this "self-preoccupation" is:

Accepted Answer

The self-absorption that typifies adolescence is an example of what the text refers to as adolescent egocentrism. This egocentric view leads them to believe that others are fascinated by them and that others will be as approving or critical of them as they are themselves. Both of these are egocentric orientations, and they underlie the basic ideas expressed by David Elkind as the imaginary audience and the personal fable.

Question 11

Even though John has seen other people get into car accidents, he does not believe that such an accident will ever happen to himself. John's perception of personal invulnerability is best considered to be an example of:

Accepted Answer

Personal fable refers to adolescents' belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever.

Question 12

When 17-year-old Paul was discussing his future with his father

Accepted Answer

The formal operational stage involves the ability to consider what could be; to think abstractly and to formulate, test, and evaluate hypotheses. In this example, Paul considers an abstract, hypothetical possibility for his future.

Question 13

Suppose that Marty sees a new bicycle he wants and, without giving much thought to how he will pay for it

Accepted Answer

"Cold" decision processes are guided by analytic reasoning and logic, whereas "hot" processes involve emotion and intuition.

Question 14

The Iowa Gambling Task is a game invented to detect:

Accepted Answer

The Iowa Gambling Task was specifically designed to detect "hot" decision processes which involve emotional responses to potential rewards and losses. This is different from "cold" decision-making which is based purely on logic and reasoning. The other options (personal fable, imaginary audience, and postconventional moral reasoning) are not directly related to the Iowa Gambling Task.

Question 15

Stan has become critical of his parents as he contrasts his ideal parents with the real parents he sees on a daily basis. His ability to understand contrary-to-fact situations is a characteristic that emerges during which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A key characteristic of formal operational thinking involves the manipulation not only of known, verifiable events but also of the things that are contrary to fact.

Question 16

If they were playing the Iowa Gambling Task games, you would expect which group or groups to adopt the riskiest strategies?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents are more likely to adopt riskier strategies in the Iowa Gambling Task games because their prefrontal cortex is still developing, which is responsible for decision-making and impulse control. Children may not have fully developed their decision-making abilities yet, and adults may have learned to moderate their risk-taking tendencies over time.

Question 17

Which of the following statements provides the clearest example of second-order thinking?

Accepted Answer

Second-order thinking involves thinking about one's thoughts, looking for links between relationships, and maneuvering between reality and possibility.

Question 18

Vicki believes that she is constantly being watched and judged by her friends. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Vicki is experiencing the:

Accepted Answer

Imaginary audience refers to adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them.

Question 19

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 1976-1980 about ___ percent of U. S. teenagers were obese; in 2007-2010 this percentage was ___ percent.

Accepted Answer

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 1976-1980 about 5 percent of U. S. teenagers were obese; in 2007-2010 this percentage was 18 percent. Therefore, option D (5; 18) is the correct choice.

Question 20

Melissa believes that she can drink and drive because she is invulnerable and immortal. According to the view of David Elkind, Melissa is experiencing a(n):

Accepted Answer

Personal fable refers to adolescents' belief that they are so special that they should be exempt from the laws of nature, that nothing bad can happen to them, and that they will live forever.

Quiz 10: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Larsen argues that the changes in thought that occur as children become adolescents are gradual and subtle. Dr. Larsen's views are _ with Piaget's view of cognitive development and are ___ with the information-processing view.

Joshua's friends tease him because he always tries to conform his behavior to what he believes his friends are doing. In this sense, the stage of moral development that most likely characterizes his behavior would be:

According to David Elkind, adolescents' assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them is called the:

Adolescents' feeling that they are special and invulnerable and exempt from the laws that control the destinies of ordinary people is called the:

On Nicole's first day of junior high school, she felt that all the students were scrutinizing every move she made. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Nicole has created a(n)

Suppose that Derrell is trying to decide whether he should buy a used car. He logically considers all of the advantages and disadvantages and comes to a carefully-reasoned decision. The decision process Derrell used would be considered:

According to the text, the best way to think about the relationship between most adolescents and their parents is to emphasize the term:

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the rate of teenage obesity in the Unites States today is about __________ it was in the late 1970s.

If Melinda's parents wanted her to think about moral judgments at a level higher than she typically uses, their best strategy to encourage her moral development would be to:

Both the imaginary audience and the personal fable emphasize that adolescence is a period of the lifespan in which individuals are overly concerned about themselves. The overarching term that best describes this "self-preoccupation" is:

Even though John has seen other people get into car accidents, he does not believe that such an accident will ever happen to himself. John's perception of personal invulnerability is best considered to be an example of:

When 17-year-old Paul was discussing his future with his father

Suppose that Marty sees a new bicycle he wants and, without giving much thought to how he will pay for it

The Iowa Gambling Task is a game invented to detect:

Stan has become critical of his parents as he contrasts his ideal parents with the real parents he sees on a daily basis. His ability to understand contrary-to-fact situations is a characteristic that emerges during which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development?

If they were playing the Iowa Gambling Task games, you would expect which group or groups to adopt the riskiest strategies?

Which of the following statements provides the clearest example of second-order thinking?

Vicki believes that she is constantly being watched and judged by her friends. According to the view advanced by David Elkind, Vicki is experiencing the:

According to data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 1976-1980 about _ percent of U. S. teenagers were obese; in 2007-2010 this percentage was _ percent.

Melissa believes that she can drink and drive because she is invulnerable and immortal. According to the view of David Elkind, Melissa is experiencing a(n) :