Question 1

Children who are able to overcome difficult environments and lead socially competent lives are described by psychologists with which of the following terms?

Accepted Answer

Resilient children are children who are able to overcome difficult environments to lead socially competent lives.

Question 2

Based on general trends, which of the following children is likely to experience the least amount of disruption as the result of her parents' divorce?

Accepted Answer

The consequences of divorce for children are more problematic when the divorce involves major changes in the child's living arrangements and when one or both parents fail to maintain strong emotional attachments and stay involved in their children's lives.

Question 3

In 1948, about ___ % of mothers of school-aged children worked outside the home; today about ___ % of these mothers work.

Accepted Answer

According to the information given, in 1948, about 26% of mothers of school-aged children worked outside the home. The question then asks about today's percentage, which is about 77%. Therefore, the answer is C, 26; 77.

Question 4

Today, about what percent of children born in the United States were born to unmarried mothers?

Accepted Answer

As of the latest data, about 40% of children born in the United States were born to unmarried mothers. This percentage has been increasing over the past few decades, reflecting changing social norms and family structures.

Question 5

According to the text, which of the following statements about how girls and boys benefit from their mothers' working outside the home is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that girls tend to benefit more from their mothers working outside the home, often in terms of better academic and career achievements, compared to boys. This is attributed to the positive role modeling of gender equality and work ethic.

Question 6

Which of the following women is most likely to work outside the home?

Accepted Answer

According to the text, 72% of single mothers, 70% of married mothers with husbands present, and 79% of divorced, separated, or widowed mothers were in the labor force.

Question 7

In the United States today, in about _____ of two-parent families, both parents work outside the home.

Accepted Answer

According to a report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2019, in about two-thirds (66.2%) of married-couple families with children under the age of 18, both parents were employed.

Question 8

In the United States in 2010, what percent of mothers with school-aged children worked outside the home?

Accepted Answer

In 2010, approximately 77% of mothers with school-aged children were working outside the home, reflecting the growing trend of dual-income households and the increasing participation of women in the workforce.

Question 9

What percent of single-parent families headed by mothers live in poverty?

Accepted Answer

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 40% of single-parent families headed by mothers live in poverty.

Question 10

Suppose that Jillian has been living in a situation characterized by a high level of chronic and severe stress. Which of the following behaviors would Jillian be LEAST likely to express?

Accepted Answer

Young children who live with the chronic stress and severe stress associated with constant violence tend to be fearful, depressed, and anxious. Many have trouble concentrating in school and suffer other school-related problems. Children may fear being abandoned and may become overly aggressive and insolent to disguise their fears. Many children develop blunted emotions-they are afraid to develop affection for people who may be killed or who may abandon them.

Question 11

The text describes a study in which children in stressful environments in Hawaii were studied. Those who were resilient were more likely than others to:

Accepted Answer

Resilient children are often adaptable in their social and emotional attachments. This adaptability includes the ability to shift attachments to other caregivers, such as parents or grandparents, when their primary attachment figure is no longer available, indicating a form of resilience in maintaining social and emotional support systems despite changes in their environment.

Question 12

Ricca had an extremely stressful childhood, having been raised in a series of foster homes, one of which involved child abuse. Yet, Ricca is a confident, well-adjusted teenager. Psychologists would describe Ricca by saying that she was:

Accepted Answer

Resilient children are children who are able to overcome difficult environments to lead socially competent lives.

Question 13

Over the past 25 years, how has the percent of children born to unmarried mothers changed?

Accepted Answer

Today, nearly 40% of children born were born to unmarried mothers, an increase of about 60% since 1985.

Question 14

Jill's parents want her to become more responsible, so they buy her the puppy she wants and they expect her to perform simple care-taking tasks, like putting its food in its bowl. By asking Jill to perform tasks that are difficult for her, but providing her advice and support to make sure she learns these tasks, Jill's parents are:

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding involves the concept of presenting children with tasks just beyond their level of competence and then providing support and assistance that allows them to accomplish these tasks.

Question 15

According to a study of resilient Hawaiian children reported in the text, children who coped well even in stressful circumstances were more likely to have been temperamentally "easy" babies and to have:

Accepted Answer

The study mentioned that resilient children were more likely to have had a close attachment to a parent or grandparent in the first year of life. There was no mention of growing up in a two-parent family, having at least one sibling of each sex, or being separated in age by at least two years from other children in the family.

Question 16

Today, in comparison with women who do not have children, women with school-age children are:

Accepted Answer

Women with school-age children are more likely to work outside the home in comparison to women who do not have children. This can be attributed to various reasons such as financial needs, personal fulfillment, and increased availability of childcare options.

Question 17

If you know that Bob is a highly resilient child, even though he has grown up under stressful circumstances, your best guess is that his early life was characterized by:

Accepted Answer

In one study of Hawaiian children, those who had overcome difficult environments to
lead socially competent lives (i.e., resilient children), shared certain characteristics. As babies, they had been temperamentally "easy" and had developed secure attachments to a parent or grandparent in the first year of life.

Question 18

According to the text, about what proportion of marriages in the United States end in divorce?

Accepted Answer

The commonly cited statistic is that about 40% of marriages in the United States end in divorce.

Question 19

In the United States today, about ______ of families are single-parent families headed by men.

Accepted Answer

According to the United States Census Bureau, as of 2019, approximately 3% of families with children under the age of 18 are headed by single fathers.

Question 20

According to the text, if a child experiences a high level of chronic and severe stress, that child is at risk for developing:

Accepted Answer

The text specifically states that children who experience chronic and severe stress are at risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The other options are not mentioned as potential outcomes of chronic stress.

Quiz 9: Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development