Question 1

Little Jeffrey has a firm understanding that he is a boy, that he will never be a girl, and that he will grow up to be a man, not a woman. Jeffrey's understanding best reflects the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to our conceptualization of what it means to be male or female.

Question 2

Many people believe that girls are more social and less achievement-oriented than boys, despite research that suggests this is not true. The belief in gender-specific differences is usually referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Gender role stereotypes refer to rigid and fixed ideas about what is appropriate male or female behavior.

Question 3

The text describes a study in which young children watched a puppet show in which a puppet was described as either a friend or an acquaintance who gets in trouble. The children responded with more empathy when the person in trouble was __________ and showed a greater willingness to help ________.

Accepted Answer

The children responded with more empathy and a greater willingness to help when the person in trouble was described as a friend, indicating stronger emotional connections and a higher propensity to assist those they are closer to.

Question 4

By what age can a child typically answer the question, "Are you a boy or a girl":

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to develop a sense of gender identity between 18 and 24 months, and can typically answer the question "Are you a boy or a girl?" by the time they are 2½ years old. However, it is important to note that gender identity can be complex and fluid, and not all children fit into binary categories of 'boy' or 'girl'.

Question 5

According to the text, which of the following is likely to be a first step in the internalization of social rules?

Accepted Answer

In learning internalization of social rules, children initially may simply imitate verbal patterns: A 2-year-old says "No, no, no!" as she marks on the wall with crayons. She continues doing what she wants to do; however, at the same time, she shows the beginnings of self-restraint by telling herself that she should not be doing it.

Question 6

________ is genetically determined and biological, whereas _______ is culturally based and acquired.

Accepted Answer

Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females, such as reproductive organs and chromosomes, which are genetically determined. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the social roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female within a particular culture, which is acquired through socialization and cultural norms.

Question 7

The process by which one incorporates the moral standards and values of one's society into one's self-concept or understanding is called;

Accepted Answer

Internalization is the process by which individuals incorporate the moral standards and values of their society into their own self-concept or understanding. This process involves the adoption of societal norms, values, and beliefs as their own, leading to the internalization of moral codes and standards. The other options, generalization, ingestion, and sensitization, do not specifically capture this process of incorporating moral standards and values of society into one's self-concept.

Question 8

Judy believes that being a "girl" means that a person wears pink clothing, doesn't get dirty

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to our conceptualization of what it means to be male or female.

Question 9

Generalizing from research reported in the text, you would expect that a shy child would be most likely to also be popular if that child were being raised in which of the following countries?

Accepted Answer

The text cites a study in which shy and quiet Chinese Canadian children and European Canadian children were compared. The shy and quiet children's development was more strongly linked to positive responses among children in the Chinese culture than the European culture. Collectivist cultures view shyness and quietness as more positive traits than do individualist cultures, such as those in Europe and other Western cultures.

Question 10

A child's concept of gender is called:

Accepted Answer

A child's concept of gender is called gender scheme, which is a cognitive structure that organizes the child's understanding of gender. It is more specific than a gender role, which refers to the behaviors and attitudes associated with being male or female. Gender constancy refers to the understanding that gender is a stable and consistent characteristic over time. Sexual identity refers to a person's subjective sense of their own gender, as well as their sexual orientation.

Question 11

James knows that he is a boy, but he is unsure about whether or not he will grow up to be a father or a mother. His confusion suggests that he has not yet developed:

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy refers to the older child's understanding that a person's gender is stable and stays the same despite changes in superficial appearance.

Question 12

Tommy believes that both men and woman can have masculine traits such as aggressiveness and both can have feminine traits such as compassion. Tommy's belief reflects the core idea of the concept called:

Accepted Answer

Androgyny refers to the view that all people, whether male or female, are capable of developing a wide range of traits. This view suggests that feminine and masculine are not opposite ends of a single dimension; instead, they are viewed as two separate dimensions, which means that it is possible for a person to be high or low on either or both.

Question 13

Research cited in the text suggests that gender differences in the United States appear to be:

Accepted Answer

According to the text, research suggests that gender differences in the United States are shrinking.

Question 14

Smith describes his niece as a child who has learned to incorporate her family's values and moral standards, as well as those embraced by her society, into her self-concept and understanding of herself. The best term that could be used to describe the niece's ability is:

Accepted Answer

Internalization refers to the process of incorporating the values and moral standards of one's society into one's self-concept, or understanding of oneself.

Question 15

At what age do children typically acquire gender constancy?

Accepted Answer

Gender constancy, the understanding that one's gender remains the same despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior, is typically acquired between the ages of 5 and 7 years. This concept is part of cognitive development theories related to understanding gender.

Question 16

The cognitive "theories" that children construct about themselves to help them understand how they should behave are called:

Accepted Answer

Personal scripts are cognitive "theories" that children construct about themselves to help them understand how they should behave.

Question 17

Jason states, "Boys should play with trucks and guns because they are the ones who have to take care of their families." Jason's statement reflects his understanding of:

Accepted Answer

Gender roles reflect cultural definitions and expectations about being male or female.

Question 18

The view that children are intrinsically motivated to acquire values, interests, and behaviors consistent with their gender describes the process called:

Accepted Answer

The view that children are intrinsically motivated to acquire values, interests, and behaviors consistent with their gender describes the process called self-socialization. Children actively participate in the socialization process and construct their own understanding of gender roles and expectations. Gender reflection refers to the process of thinking about one's own gender identity or expression. Gender stereotyping involves making generalizations about individuals based on their gender. Gender constancy refers to the understanding that gender remains the same across situations and over time.

Question 19

The view that both men and women are capable of developing a wide range of traits - both masculine and feminine - is the idea reflected by the term:

Accepted Answer

Androgyny is the term that describes the belief that individuals can possess a mix of traits that are typically associated with masculinity and femininity. This concept challenges traditional gender roles and suggests that both men and women can possess a range of characteristics regardless of their gender identity. Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, and while it is an important trait, it is not directly related to gender or androgyny. Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn norms, values, and behaviors that are appropriate for their culture, and although it may impact an individual's development of gender identity or androgyny, it is not the same concept. Gender identity refers to an individual's sense of themselves as male, female, or another gender identity and is related to how people experience and express their gender, but it does not capture the concept of possessing traits associated with both masculinity and femininity.

Question 20

Young children typically see "feminine" and "masculine" as two distinct and mutually exclusive categories. This situation is in direct conflict with the basic idea of:

Accepted Answer