Question 1

The position of the Surgeon General of the United States is that women who are pregnant should drink no more than what amount of alcohol per week during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

The Surgeon General of the United States recommends that no alcohol whatsoever should be consumed during pregnancy. This is because alcohol can harm the development of the fetus, leading to permanent physical and mental problems. It is important for pregnant women to prioritize the health and well-being of their babies by avoiding alcohol completely.

Question 2

Exposure to toxins during weeks 20 to 36 during a pregnancy would be most likely to result in defects in which of the body's organs?

Accepted Answer

As shown on the chart on page 75 of the text, the brain is susceptible to teratogens during the weeks 20 to 36. The ears, heart, and genitalia are susceptible at earlier periods in the prenatal stage of development.

Question 3

Heart defects are especially common when pregnant mothers are exposed to a teratogen during which prenatal period?

Accepted Answer

The heart is typically susceptible to teratogens during weeks 3 to 5, which fall in the embryonic period (weeks 3-8).

Question 4

Newborns are routinely treated with silver nitrate eye drops as a preventative treatment for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Silver nitrate eye drops are routinely used to prevent infection from gonorrhea in newborns.

Question 5

According to statistics cited in the text, about what percent of U. S. women who know they are pregnant report "risk drinking" of alcohol?

Accepted Answer

One of every thirty women (about 3%) that knows she is pregnant reports risk drinking, which is defined as seven or more drinks per week or five or more drinks on any one occasion.

Question 6

Exposure to toxins during the 12th week of a pregnancy would be most likely to result in defects in which of the body's organs?

Accepted Answer

As shown on the chart on page 75 of the text, external genitalia are susceptible to teratogens during the 12th week of pregnancy. The heart and ears are susceptible earlier, and the brain is susceptible later.

Question 7

Suppose 3 mothers were accidentally exposed to a teratogen during their pregnancies. Who would have the lowest risk for having a child with some sort of birth defect?

Accepted Answer

During the germinal period, teratogens rarely have an effect, because implantation has not yet occurred; therefore, chemicals and diseases are not easily transmitted to the zygote.

Question 8

The text discusses a study in which malnourished children in Guatemala were given food supplements to counteract the effects of poor diets. In particular, the effects were positive when the diets were rich in:

Accepted Answer

The positive effects observed in the study were likely due to the inclusion of protein in the food supplements, which is crucial for the growth and repair of body tissues, and particularly important in the diets of malnourished children to help counteract the effects of poor nutrition.

Question 9

Doug is told that his wife should not visit his office during the second and third month of her pregnancy because chemicals there could negatively affect the development of their baby. However, he is also told that it would be safe for her to visit after the fourth month, since the chemicals would not affect fetal development. This example highlights the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Critical period refers to the period of development during which the effect of a teratogen occurs. A teratogen is a toxic agent of any kind (including chemicals) that potentially causes abnormalities in the developing child.

Question 10

Andrew has AIDS and is receiving HAART therapy. This means that he is:

Accepted Answer

At present, there is no vaccine to halt completely the transmission of the AIDS virus, but new therapies that involve combinations of drugs, called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapies) or "drug cocktails," have dramatically reduced AIDS-related deaths and mother-to-infant transmission of the virus.

Question 11

To state that a particular teratogen has an effect during a "critical period" means that it:

Accepted Answer

Critical period refers to the period of development during which the effect of a teratogen occurs. A teratogen is a toxic agent of any kind (including chemicals) that potentially causes abnormalities in the developing child.

Question 12

If a teratogen interferes with prenatal development only during a particular period of time, the period of development in which the teratogen can exert its effect is called:

Accepted Answer

Critical period refers to the period of development during which the effect of a teratogen occurs. A teratogen is a toxic agent of any kind (including chemicals) that potentially causes abnormalities in the developing child.

Question 13

According to the text, at present about ____ % of the children and adults with AIDS live in Africa:

Accepted Answer

The text states that "about two-thirds of all children and adults with AIDS in the world live in sub-Saharan Africa." Therefore, the correct answer is (C) two-thirds.

Question 14

Research suggests that fetal alcohol syndrome is most closely associated with which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by facial abnormalities, such as small eyes and a thin upper lip, as well as growth and cognitive deficits. It is caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy and can lead to permanent damage to the developing fetus. Overweight newborns, heart defects, and hyperactivity are not typically associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 15

The drug tetracycline, which is a frequently prescribed antibiotic, has been shown to have a teratogenic effect on:

Accepted Answer

Tetracycline has been shown to have a teratogenic effect on the development of teeth and bones, leading to staining and deformities. It should not be given to pregnant women or children under the age of 8, as their teeth and bones are still developing.

Question 16

A developing fetus is at greater risk for which of the follow abnormalities if the mother becomes ill with rubella during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause fetal damage in multiple organs and systems, including the heart, ears (leading to deafness), and limbs (causing deformities such as clubfoot). Therefore, all of the given choices can be associated with rubella.

Question 17

If a woman with AIDS found out she was pregnant, her treatment would most likely consist of:

Accepted Answer

By using a combination of HAART therapy to keep mothers' viral counts low and cesarean section delivery methods when possible, it now appears that mother-to-infant HIV transmission can be reduced to about 2%.

Question 18

A toxic agent of any kind that potentially causes abnormalities in a developing child is called a:

Accepted Answer

A teratogen is a substance or agent that can cause harm or abnormalities to a developing fetus. This includes drugs, alcohol, and environmental toxins. A karyotype refers to the number and appearance of chromosomes, while proteins are molecules essential for cellular functions. "Critical agent" is not a commonly used term in this context.

Question 19

Exposure to toxins during weeks 3 to 5 during a pregnancy would be most likely to result in defects in which of the body's organs?

Accepted Answer

As shown on the chart on page 75, the heart is susceptible to teratogens during weeks 3 to 5. The brain, ears, and genitalia are not generally susceptible until later in the prenatal period.

Question 20

Thalidomide was prescribed in the late 1950s and early 1960s for the treatment of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Thalidomide was prescribed for the treatment of morning sickness in pregnant women, but was later found to cause severe birth defects.

Quiz 3: Prenatal Development and Childbirth

The position of the Surgeon General of the United States is that women who are pregnant should drink no more than what amount of alcohol per week during pregnancy?

Exposure to toxins during weeks 20 to 36 during a pregnancy would be most likely to result in defects in which of the body's organs?

Heart defects are especially common when pregnant mothers are exposed to a teratogen during which prenatal period?

Newborns are routinely treated with silver nitrate eye drops as a preventative treatment for which of the following?

According to statistics cited in the text, about what percent of U. S. women who know they are pregnant report "risk drinking" of alcohol?

Exposure to toxins during the 12th week of a pregnancy would be most likely to result in defects in which of the body's organs?

Suppose 3 mothers were accidentally exposed to a teratogen during their pregnancies. Who would have the lowest risk for having a child with some sort of birth defect?

The text discusses a study in which malnourished children in Guatemala were given food supplements to counteract the effects of poor diets. In particular, the effects were positive when the diets were rich in:

Andrew has AIDS and is receiving HAART therapy. This means that he is:

To state that a particular teratogen has an effect during a "critical period" means that it:

If a teratogen interferes with prenatal development only during a particular period of time, the period of development in which the teratogen can exert its effect is called:

According to the text, at present about ____ % of the children and adults with AIDS live in Africa:

Research suggests that fetal alcohol syndrome is most closely associated with which of the following conditions?

The drug tetracycline, which is a frequently prescribed antibiotic, has been shown to have a teratogenic effect on:

A developing fetus is at greater risk for which of the follow abnormalities if the mother becomes ill with rubella during pregnancy?

If a woman with AIDS found out she was pregnant, her treatment would most likely consist of:

A toxic agent of any kind that potentially causes abnormalities in a developing child is called a:

Exposure to toxins during weeks 3 to 5 during a pregnancy would be most likely to result in defects in which of the body's organs?

Thalidomide was prescribed in the late 1950s and early 1960s for the treatment of which of the following?