Question 1

Joan's parents believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not. Joan's parents are using the child-rearing style called __________.

Accepted Answer

Joan's parents are using the authoritarian child-rearing style, as they expect strict obedience from their child without discussion or explanation. This style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, with parents imposing strict rules and punishments to maintain control.

Question 2

From birth, infants like looking at faces. By 2 to 3 months of age, they especially prefer faces that are __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants at 2 to 3 months of age have a preference for faces that are moving. They are more likely to look at faces that show a variety of expressions and movements compared to static faces. This preference for movement likely helps infants learn about social cues and develop their own social skills.

Question 3

At what age will an infant first display separation anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety usually first appears around 6 to 8 months of age, when infants become more aware of the people and objects around them and form attachments to their primary caregivers. It can continue to be noticeable until around 2 to 3 years old.

Question 4

Imagine that you could enter Harlow's lab. You see a cage full of rhesus monkeys, one of which is huddling alone in a corner, rocking and biting itself. Chances are that this monkey was __________.

Accepted Answer

Isolation from all living creatures for the first 3 months of life can lead to severe psychological problems in rhesus monkeys, including self-injurious behavior.

Question 5

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development refers to __________.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is the range of tasks that a child cannot yet perform independently but can achieve with the guidance of a more skilled partner, such as a teacher or parent. It refers to the gap between a child's current level of development and their potential development if provided appropriate support and instruction. It does not refer to capacities recently acquired, skills mastered several years earlier, or understandings acquired in the concrete operational stage.

Question 6

Bowlby argues that infants __________.

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's theory of attachment suggests that infants develop attachments with caregivers in order to have their basic needs met, including hunger, comfort, and warmth.

Question 7

What percentage of children who are classified as chronically undernourished evidence behavior indicative of secure attachment?

Accepted Answer

Chronic undernutrition can significantly impact a child's physical and emotional development, leading to a higher likelihood of insecure attachment patterns. Only a small percentage, such as 7%, might still show behaviors indicative of secure attachment despite being chronically undernourished, reflecting the resilience and variability in individual responses to adversity.

Question 8

Let's say an infant crawls up to an iguana that was temporarily let out of its cage and allowed to explore the carpet. From time to time the infant looks back at her mother to see how she is responding. This sort of checking-in behavior is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The behavior of the infant looking back at her mother to see how she is responding is an example of social referencing. The infant is seeking information from her caregiver to assess the safety of the situation and determine how to respond to the presence of the iguana. Attachment refers to the emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, distress tolerance refers to an individual's ability to manage or cope with distressing situations, and separation anxiety involves distress or anxiety experienced by an infant when separated from their caregiver.

Question 9

Children of __________ parents are more likely than are children of other types of parents to cheat, and less likely to confess transgressions when confronted. These children appear to reflect the __________ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Children of authoritarian parents are more likely to cheat and less likely to confess transgressions when confronted, reflecting a preconventional level of moral development. Authoritarian parents are strict and controlling, often using punishments instead of reasoning and explanation to discipline their children. This type of parenting style tends to suppress children's ability to reason and make decisions, leading to a preconventional level of moral reasoning characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment and seeking personal reward.

Question 10

Hideki was unable to attend a little league baseball game in which both of his children played. In order both to find out what he missed and to help his children develop better autobiographical memory, Hideki should ask __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hideki was unable to attend a little...

Question 11

The pattern of "imprint-to-object-of-first-exposure," common in many species, __________.

Accepted Answer

The question states that the pattern is "common in many species," but asks about humans specifically. The statement "is not found in humans" is the only correct choice because it contradicts the common pattern mentioned.

Question 12

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the most helpful thing you can do for a frightened infant or child?

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research with monkeys showed that touch and physical contact, such as being held or cuddled, is essential for their emotional and social development. Therefore, the most helpful thing to do for a frightened infant or child is to offer physical comfort through touch or holding.

Question 13

In Ainsworth's studies with the Strange Situation, children are classified as securely attached if they __________.

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth's studies classified children as securely attached if they showed comfort in the mother's presence, some distress at her absence, and greeted her return enthusiastically. This indicates that they have formed a healthy and secure attachment with their caregiver, which allows them to explore their environment while feeling safe and confident that their needs will be met.

Question 14

Research shows that infants respond more positively when their mothers' facial expression (whether happy or sad) __________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants respond more positively when their mothers' facial expression matches the emotional tone of her voice. This consistency helps infants to better understand the emotional message being conveyed.

Question 15

Harlow studied the role of surrogate mothers in comforting the infant monkey during times of danger or stress. He found that __________.

Accepted Answer

Harlow found that the cloth mother was effective in comforting the infant during times of stress, while the wire mother was not.

Question 16

Dieter is an even-tempered baby who always seems to be smiling and gurgling. He seems to have a regular routine, and his parents can always count on him to be sleepy when it is time for his nap. Vivian is a baby who easily becomes upset. She doesn't adjust well to new situations or to changes in her daily routine. Dieter's temperament would be classified as __________. Vivian's temperament would be classified as __________.

Accepted Answer

Dieter's temperament is described as even-tempered and regular, which are characteristics of an "easy" temperament. Vivian, on the other hand, is easily upset and has difficulty adjusting, which are characteristics of a "difficult" temperament. Therefore, the best choice is A, where Dieter's temperament is easy and Vivian's temperament is difficult.

Question 17

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, an infant who was mildly disturbed at the departure of his mother, but who was approached and easily soothed by his mother upon her return, would most likely be described as __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Ainsworth's Strange Situation, an infant who is mildly disturbed at the departure of the mother but is easily soothed upon her return is classified as securely attached. This indicates that the infant trusts their primary caregiver to provide comfort and security in times of need.

Question 18

Some researchers have suggested reducing temperament to three basic dimensions, as opposed to the "easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up" scheme. These three dimensions are __________.

Accepted Answer

The three basic dimensions suggested by some researchers for reducing temperament are activity, cheerfulness, and self-control. These dimensions aim to provide a more nuanced understanding of individual differences in temperament beyond the traditional categories.

Question 19

Mackenzie is just beginning to seek out interactions with certain peers and avoid others. Paulo states he and Carderio are friends because Carderio has "awesome" computer games. Reggie remarks that he and his friends look out for each other. Which alternative most accurately estimates each child's age?

Accepted Answer

Mackenzie's behavior is typical of a 2-year-old beginning to show preference for certain peers. Paulo, at 6, is at an age where interests like computer games can form the basis of friendships. Reggie, at 9, is developing deeper, more protective relationships with friends, which aligns with social development at that age.

Question 20

Lupe is 14 months old, as is Liesl. Lupe becomes upset when her mother leaves her, but is ambivalent when she returns. Liesl is distant and aloof in her mother's presence. Liesl ignores her mother when she returns following an absence. Lupe's attachment pattern is BEST described as __________. Liesl's attachment pattern is BEST described as __________.

Accepted Answer

Lupe is exhibiting signs of anxious/resistant attachment because she becomes upset when her mother leaves, but this distress does not decrease when her mother returns. Liesl, on the other hand, is exhibiting signs of anxious/avoidant attachment because she is distant and aloof in her mother's presence and ignores her when she returns.

Quiz 14: Development