Question 1

According to Abraham Maslow, our highest-level need is the need for self-__________.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once our physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs are met, we then have the need for self-actualization, which involves fulfilling our potential, personal growth, and finding meaning in life. It is the highest level need in the hierarchy.

Question 2

"Be all that you can be," exhorted the U.S. Army in one of its recruitment campaigns. In Maslow's terms, the army is promoting itself as the royal road to self-__________.

Accepted Answer

The term "self-actualization" is commonly associated with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which describes the stages of human motivation and development. It refers to the highest level of development where individuals are able to realize their full potential and achieve a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction in life. By promoting themselves as a pathway to self-actualization, the U.S. Army is suggesting that joining the military can help individuals grow and develop in ways that they might not be able to do otherwise.

Question 3

Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism?

Accepted Answer

Drive theories of motivation suggest that people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce internal tension caused by unmet needs (e.g., hunger, thirst, safety). Bungee jumping does not fit well with drive theories because it is typically pursued for excitement or thrill, rather than to reduce an internal tension or fulfill a basic need.

Question 4

Which of the following psychologists was among the first to recognize the importance of the need to belong?

Accepted Answer

Maslow recognized the importance of the need to belong as part of his hierarchy of needs, where belongingness is considered a fundamental human motivation right after physiological and safety needs.

Question 5

Mr. and Mrs. Ozenne punish their children's failures, but rarely reward their successes, as these reflect what the children "are supposed to be doing anyway."

Accepted Answer

The Ozennes' parenting style of punishing failures without rewarding successes may create a fear of failure in their children, which can cause anxiety and decreased motivation, and could ultimately impede achievement. Research suggests that a healthy balance of positive reinforcement is necessary for optimal learning and motivation.

Question 6

You wish to perform survey research to find out more about sexual orientation and identity in America. Which of the following is probably NOT among your concerns as you begin this line of research?

Accepted Answer

The selection of an appropriate control group is not generally a concern when conducting survey research on sexual orientation and identity, as this type of research is focused on descriptive statistics rather than experimental designs where control groups are needed. However, selection of a representative sample, addressing potential response biases, and understanding participants' interpretations of terms related to sexual orientation are important considerations in this type of research.

Question 7

Which of the following most closely approximates the proportion of Americans who self-identify as exclusively gay or lesbian?

Accepted Answer

Recent surveys and studies suggest that approximately 2%-5% of Americans self-identify as exclusively gay or lesbian.

Question 8

Nan's car is in the shop. Her friend offers to drive her 40 miles to an airport when she needs to catch a flight. Nan is receiving __________ support.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nan's car is in the shop. Her...

Question 9

According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualizing is having __________.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs posits that individuals must have their basic physiological and safety needs fulfilled before they can focus on higher-order needs, such as self-actualization. Therefore, having all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled is a prerequisite for self-actualization according to Maslow.

Question 10

We seek others' company not only for the benefits we derive from social contact, but also because we do not want to be alone or rejected.

Accepted Answer

Drive theories, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, suggest that humans have a basic need for belonging, which drives us to seek social interaction. Approach theories, such as self-determination theory, suggest that humans have an innate desire for connection and relatedness, which motivates us to actively seek out social interaction. Both drive and approach theories are necessary to fully explain the complex motivations behind our desire to belong.

Question 11

Some people believe that homosexuality is a choice and that gay or lesbian parents or teachers may exert a harmful influence on children. To what extent is the empirical evidence reviewed in your text consistent with these claims?

Accepted Answer

The empirical evidence reviewed in the text consistently shows that homosexuality is not a choice and that gay or lesbian parents or teachers do not exert a harmful influence on children. Research has consistently shown that sexual orientation is not a choice and cannot be changed. Additionally, numerous studies have shown that children raised by same-sex parents do not have worse behavioral or mental health outcomes than children raised by opposite-sex parents. Similarly, research on teachers suggests that sexual orientation does not impact their ability to teach or interact with children. Therefore, the empirical evidence reviewed in the text is wholly inconsistent with claims that homosexuality is a choice and that gay or lesbian parents or teachers may be harmful to children.

Question 12

Assume that the probability that a man is gay is about 50% if his identical twin is gay. Karl and Konrad are identical twins. However, each was adopted by a different family soon after birth. Karl is gay. What are the chances that Konrad is also gay?

Accepted Answer

While the probability that a man is gay if his identical twin is gay is about 50%, the fact that Karl and Konrad were separated at birth and adopted into different families means that there is no genetic similarity in their upbringing. Therefore, the chances that Konrad is also gay cannot be assumed to be 50%, but is instead somewhat lower than 50%. Studies suggest that the probability could be between 10-30%.

Question 13

Realizing one's potential to the fullest __________.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that self-actualization, or realizing one's potential to the fullest, is the highest level of human motivation and fulfillment. Option A is incorrect, as it suggests a harmful and unhealthy approach. Option B is incorrect, as realizing one's potential requires consistent effort and dedication. Option D is incorrect, as behaviorism focuses on observable behavior rather than self-actualization.

Question 14

Based on your text's discussion, which of the following correlation coefficients is a researcher most likely to obtain between scores on a measure of the desire for success and scores on a measure of the fear of failure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on your text's discussion, which of...

Question 15

Prudence, a college student, is interested mainly in developing her knowledge and thinking skills. Her friend Queenie's focus, though, is squarely on her GPA. Prudence has adopted a(n) __________ orientation to her studies, while Queenie displays a(n) __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer

Prudence's focus on knowledge and thinking skills is indicative of a mastery orientation, which emphasizes the development of competence and knowledge. Queenie's emphasis on her GPA is indicative of a performance orientation, which emphasizes demonstrating competence to others and achieving specific outcomes such as grades.

Question 16

Based on your text's discussion, how would you describe the association, if any, between the desire for success and the fear of failure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on your text's discussion, how would...

Question 17

To which of the following behaviors is drive theory LEAST applicable?

Accepted Answer

Drive theory is most applicable to behaviors motivated by basic physiological needs or drives, such as hunger, thirst, or aggression. Studying long hours is typically motivated by more complex cognitive or social factors rather than basic physiological drives.

Question 18

Think back to the "Learning" chapter in your text. Through which process are behaviors fueled by drives most likely maintained?

Accepted Answer

Behaviors fueled by drives are most likely maintained through negative reinforcement, as the behavior is being reinforced by the removal of an aversive stimulus (the drive or discomfort). Positive reinforcement is when a behavior is reinforced by the addition of a desirable stimulus, secondary reinforcement involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a primary reinforcer, and punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding the motive to achieve is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that a mastery orientation, where the focus is on learning and improving skills, is associated with greater success than a performance orientation, where the focus is on achieving good grades or outperforming others. A fear of failure may actually hinder the desire for success as it can lead to anxiety and a lack of confidence. Punishing failure can also decrease motivation and decrease the likelihood of success.

Question 20

Dr. MacIntyre points out that we seek others' company for the many benefits we derive from being around people. To what extent is this assertion consistent with drive accounts of motives to belong on the one hand, and approach accounts on the other?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. MacIntyre points out that we seek...

Quiz 12: Motivation and Emotion