Question 1

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behaviour is a result of
A)maturation.
B)a tabula rasa.
C)self-efficacy.
D)imprinting.

Accepted Answer

The chick's behavior of following Jill around as if she were its mother is a classic example of imprinting, which is a type of learning that occurs in a critical period, where an animal forms an attachment to the first moving object they see. This behavior is not a result of maturation, as it is not an innate behavior that develops with age, nor is it a result of self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's ability to succeed in a particular task. Additionally, it does not involve a tabula rasa or "blank slate" as the chick has innate instincts and behaviors that drive it to seek out a parental figure to follow.

Question 2

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory
A)emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.
B)suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.
C)suggests that behaviour should be considered in context.
D)emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychodynamic theory emphasizes the influence of early experiences, particularly those related to childhood experiences, on later development.

Question 3

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of
A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
B)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
C)John Locke.
D)John Watson.

Accepted Answer

Gesell's maturational theory emphasizes that development occurs in a predetermined sequence that is largely biologically determined. This is similar to Rousseau's idea of innate goodness and the idea that individuals are inherently programmed for growth and development. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in shaping development, which is different from Gesell's emphasis on biology. Locke's tabula rasa theory emphasizes the importance of learning and experience in development, which is also different from Gesell's theory. Finally, Watson's behaviorism emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior, which is also different from Gesell's biologically determinist approach.

Question 4

Raeanne believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeanne's beliefs fit most closely with ________ theory.
A)maturational
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)ethological

Accepted Answer

Ethological theory emphasizes the importance of innate or biologically programmed behavior patterns that facilitate survival, including the formation of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers.

Question 5

Viewing infants as tabula rasa suggests that
A)infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.
B)experience will mould infants into unique individuals.
C)nature is more important than nurture.
D)infants are born with a sense of morality.

Accepted Answer

Tabula rasa is a philosophical concept that suggests that individuals are born as blank slates and their experiences and interactions with the environment shape their personality and behaviour. Therefore, viewing infants as tabula rasa implies that their unique experiences and environment will mould them into individuals with specific characteristics and traits. Option A is incorrect because it suggests that infants will develop naturally without any external influence, which contradicts the concept of tabula rasa. Option C is incorrect because tabula rasa emphasizes the importance of nurture in shaping an individual, rather than nature. Option D is incorrect because tabula rasa suggests that infants are born without any innate sense of morality, and their values and morals are shaped by their experiences and interactions with the environment.

Question 6

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that
A)learning is more important than maturation.
B)early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life.
C)learned, adaptive behaviours influence later development.
D)children's cognitive development influences later behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychodynamic theory emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behaviour. According to Freud, unresolved conflicts during early stages of development can lead to lasting patterns of behaviour and personality traits. Therefore, early experiences are believed to establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life.

Answer: C 
 While Freud's theory focuses on the role of early experiences, it also suggests that learned, adaptive behaviours can influence later development. For example, Freud's concept of the "ego" involves a person's ability to adapt to the demands of the environment and to develop effective coping strategies. These adaptive behaviours, which are learned through experience, can shape later behaviour and personality.

Both B and C are viable answers depending on what aspect of Freud's theory is being emphasized.

Question 7

________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.
A)Psychodynamic
B)Ecological
C)Maturational
D)Cognitive developmental

Accepted Answer

The maturational theory suggests that child development is predetermined or prearranged by genetics and biology, meaning children will naturally reach certain milestones at set times regardless of their environment or experiences. This theory was popularized by Arnold Gesell in the early 20th century.

Question 8

An emotional bond between human children and their parents is sometimes called
A)imprinting.
B)adapting.
C)attachment.
D)maturation.

Accepted Answer

The emotional bond between human children and their parents is called attachment. Imprinting is a form of learning in which a young animal forms a social attachment to another organism. Adapting refers to changing or adjusting to new circumstances, and maturation refers to the biological and neurological processes that occur as an individual grows and develops.

Question 9

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child-rearing are most similar to those of
A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
C)John Locke.
D)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Accepted Answer

Heather's belief that a child should be allowed to grow naturally and not be shaped by external forces aligns with Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view of child development. Rousseau believed that children should be allowed to develop according to their natural tendencies and interests, rather than being forced into a particular mold by parents or society. This philosophy is often referred to as "child-centered" or "natural" parenting. Sigmund Freud's theories focused more on the role of unconscious conflicts in development, while Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory emphasized the importance of context and social influences. John Locke's views on child development were more focused on the role of experience and learning in shaping a child's development.

Question 10

Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?
A)Freud's psychosexual theory
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory
C)Gesell's maturational theory
D)Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

Accepted Answer

Gesell's maturational theory emphasizes the role of biological factors in development, specifically the genetically determined maturation process that guides the unfolding of developmental milestones.

Question 11

If parents believe that children are tabula rasa at birth, they are likely to
A)leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.
B)be very permissive with their children.
C)assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development.
D)plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

Accepted Answer

If parents believe that children are tabula rasa at birth, they are likely to plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth. This is because they believe that everything a child learns and becomes is based on their experiences and interactions with the world around them. Therefore, they may feel a sense of responsibility to provide their child with the right environment and experiences to foster their development.

Question 12

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on
A)his patients' case histories.
B)observations of his children.
C)correlational research studies.
D)experimental research studies.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychodynamic theory was based on his patients' case histories. He saw patients who were suffering from mental disorders and used their experiences to develop his theories.

Question 13

According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned
A)when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished.
B)through observational learning.
C)during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour.
D)when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Accepted Answer

Ethologists believe in the critical period hypothesis, which states that certain behaviours can only be learned during a specific period of an organism's development when it is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour. This is because the neural and physiological mechanisms necessary for the behaviour are only available during this period. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 14

James Mark Baldwin, a psychologist in Canada more than 100 years ago, was an important pioneer in the study of child development because
A)he believed that research should come before theories.
B)he established the first psychological laboratory in the British Empire.
C)he proposed studying the mind philosophically rather than empirically.
D)he worked closely with Jean Piaget.

Accepted Answer

James Mark Baldwin was an important pioneer in the study of child development because he established the first psychological laboratory in the British Empire in the late 1800s, which allowed for systematic observation and experimentation in the field of child psychology.

Question 15

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.
A)instinct
B)critical period
C)blank slate
D)emotional bond

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question refers to a critical period, which is a specific developmental stage during which certain behaviours can only be learned. This is often the case in early development, such as in language acquisition or imprinting in animals, where exposure to certain stimuli must occur within a specific timeframe for learning to take place. Instinct and emotional bond are not specific to this type of learning, and blank slate refers to the idea that individuals are born without innate knowledge or predispositions.

Question 16

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a
A)theory.
B)critical period.
C)tabula rasa.
D)case history.

Accepted Answer

An organized set of ideas that explains development is referred to as a theory.

Question 17

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?
A)ecological
B)psychodynamic
C)maturational
D)ethological

Accepted Answer

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with ethological theory, which emphasizes the adaptive/evolutionary basis of behavior and the role of genetics and evolution in shaping behavior. Ecological theory emphasizes the role of the environment, psychodynamic theory emphasizes unconscious motivations, and maturational theory emphasizes biological maturation.

Question 18

Dr. Christopher Green at York University in Ontario, Canada, developed a website which focuses on which of the following aspects of psychology in Canada?
A)history of psychology
B)child development research
C)neuroscience
D)theories of child development

Accepted Answer

The website developed by Dr. Christopher Green at York University in Ontario, Canada, focuses on the history of psychology in Canada.

Question 19

The French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed that
A)the human infant is born a tabula rasa.
B)infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.
C)experience moulds each human into a unique individual.
D)parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

Accepted Answer

Rousseau believed that infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality, which he referred to as "natural goodness". He argued that society and its institutions corrupted this natural goodness, leading to the development of inequality and moral decay.

Question 20

The idea that the mind of the human infant is tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that
A)experience moulds each person into a unique individual.
B)children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.
C)heredity plays a major role in an individual's development.
D)infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

Accepted Answer

The concept of tabula rasa suggests that humans are born as blank slates and their experiences shape their identity and development. This implies that experience molds each person into a unique individual, which is the belief expressed in choice A. Choices B, C, and D do not accurately reflect the idea of tabula rasa.

Quiz 1: Child Development: Theories and Themes

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behaviour is a result of

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

Raeanne believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeanne's beliefs fit most closely with ________ theory.

Viewing infants as tabula rasa suggests that

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that

________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

An emotional bond between human children and their parents is sometimes called

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child-rearing are most similar to those of

Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?

If parents believe that children are tabula rasa at birth, they are likely to

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on

According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned

James Mark Baldwin, a psychologist in Canada more than 100 years ago, was an important pioneer in the study of child development because

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

Dr. Christopher Green at York University in Ontario, Canada, developed a website which focuses on which of the following aspects of psychology in Canada?

The French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed that

The idea that the mind of the human infant is tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that