Question 1

Clara is in a sad mood.She is asked to recall an event in her past that was relatively neutral-her performance in a junior-high history class in which she earned a B-and she recalls it being a sadder experience than it probably was.The influence of Clara's current mood on her memory illustrates the memory sin of:

Accepted Answer

Clara's current sad mood has biased her memory of the past event, making it seem sadder than it actually was. This illustrates the memory sin of bias, which refers to the influence of current knowledge, beliefs, feelings, and other factors on the retrieval of past events. Transience, suggestibility, and misattribution are other memory sins that refer to different aspects of memory errors.

Question 2

People with damage to their _____ lobe are MOST prone to memory misattribution.

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe is crucial for various higher cognitive functions, including memory processes. Damage to this area can lead to difficulties in managing memory effectively, including issues with memory misattribution, where individuals may confuse the source of a memory.

Question 3

Consistency bias exaggerates the similarity between:

Accepted Answer

Consistency bias refers to the cognitive bias that leads us to exaggerate the similarity between our past attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors and our present ones. This means we often believe our thoughts or actions have remained more consistent over time than they actually have.

Question 4

Maria was certain she recognized the waiter at the restaurant,but in fact she had never seen him before.This type of memory misattribution is known as:

Accepted Answer

False recognition refers to the mistaken belief that a novel stimulus has been encountered previously. In this case, Maria believed she recognized the waiter even though she had never seen him before, which is an example of false recognition.

Question 5

_____ is the tendency to incorporate misleading information from outside sources into personal recollections.

Accepted Answer

Suggestibility is the tendency to incorporate misleading information into personal recollections, often as a result of leading questions or comments from others. False recognition refers to the feeling of familiarity with a previously encountered but untrue event or item, while misattribution refers to mistakenly assigning a memory to the wrong source. Déjà vécu describes the feeling of reliving a past experience.

Question 6

Using social pressure,Shaw and Porter (2015)got _____% of the college students in their study to falsely remember committing a crime as adolescents.

Accepted Answer

According to the statement, Shaw and Porter (2015) got 70% of the college students in their study to falsely remember committing a crime as adolescents using social pressure. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 7

Courtney is called to the witness stand to testify as an eyewitness against a man accused of first-degree murder.The lawyer interrogating her asks a series of questions about the alleged murderer.The lawyer throws in a question,asking Courtney to describe the tattoo on the left shoulder of the accused man.This question is false-there is no tattoo.The lawyer is using the question to try to discredit Courtney,who says that the tattoo was small and hard to see in detail.The MOST likely reason for Courtney's mistake is:

Accepted Answer

The lawyer's suggestive questioning may have caused Courtney to falsely remember or imagine the tattoo on the accused man's left shoulder, leading to suggestibility. This is a common phenomenon in eyewitness testimony where external factors such as leading questions, post-event information, or even simple suggestion can alter a witness's memories or recall of an event.

Question 8

Using social pressure,Shaw and Porter (2015)got a large percentage of the college students in their study to falsely remember _____ as adolescents.

Accepted Answer

Shaw and Porter (2015) used social pressure to convince participants to believe that they had committed a crime when they were younger, leading to false memories. The other options are not mentioned in the study as being falsely remembered by participants.

Question 9

The distorting influence of present knowledge,beliefs,and feelings on the recall of previous experiences is called:

Accepted Answer

Bias refers to the influence of current knowledge, beliefs or feelings on the recollection of earlier experiences, leading to distortions or inaccuracies in recall. False recognition refers to the phenomenon of remembering something that was not actually encountered. Retroactive interference refers to the disruption of recall of previously learned information by newly learned information. Source memory refers to the ability to remember the source of information.

Question 10

Three weeks ago,Sandra came home to find an armed robber in the house.When she walked in the door,the man pushed past her and fled the premises.Sandra's sister,Amy,was unloading groceries from the car and said she thought the man had wavy black hair.When Sandra goes in to view a lineup,the man who robbed her is in the lineup.However,Sandra picks a similar man who has wavy black hair instead of the robber's light brown hair.Her mistake illustrates the concept of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Three weeks ago,Sandra came home to find...

Question 11

In a classic study of false memory by Loftus,research participants were asked to remember the time when they were little and got lost in a shopping mall.Although Loftus confirmed that this never actually happened to any of the participants,the false memory was implanted in about _____% of the participants.

Accepted Answer

In the study by Elizabeth Loftus, about 25% of the participants came to "remember" the false event of being lost in a shopping mall after suggestive questioning, demonstrating the malleability of human memory.

Question 12

The tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present is termed:

Accepted Answer

Consistency bias is the tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present. This bias leads people to remember past events as being more consistent with their current beliefs and attitudes than they actually were. Option B and C are incorrect as they describe different memory biases. Option D describes the tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for others' behavior.

Question 13

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from outside sources into personal recall of events is called:

Accepted Answer

Suggestibility is the tendency to incorporate misleading information from outside sources into personal recall of events. False recognition refers to the feeling of familiarity towards something that has not been encountered before. Retroactive interference occurs when new learning interferes with the ability to recall old information. Source memory refers to the ability to recall the origin of a memory, such as where or how the information was acquired.

Question 14

Loftus conducted a classic study of false memory in which a false memory of _____ was implanted into the minds of participants.

Accepted Answer

Loftus's classic study involved implanting a false memory of being lost in a shopping mall as a child, demonstrating how suggestible human memory can be.

Question 15

Sam recalls the wonderful football team of his university days and the great season the team had in his senior year.In fact,the record was only mediocre.Sam's memory of it as more successful than it actually was is probably due to:

Accepted Answer

Sam's memory is likely influenced by bias, specifically the positivity bias, in which an individual remembers events in a more positive light than they actually were. In this case, Sam likely remembers the football season as more successful than it actually was because of his emotional attachment to the team and his desire to remember it in a positive light.

Question 16

Which statement regarding hippocampal activity is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the hippocampus shows similar levels of activity during both true and false recognition, suggesting it plays a role in the retrieval process regardless of the accuracy of the memory.

Question 17

Shaw and Porter (2015)obtained substantially higher rates of false memories relative to the original study published by Loftus and Pickrell (1995),probably because Shaw and Porter utilized:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shaw and Porter (2015)obtained substantially higher rates...

Question 18

Which statement BEST describes how bias affects memories?

Accepted Answer

Bias can cause memories to become distorted, meaning the memories are not accurate depictions of what actually happened. Biased memories can be influenced by a person's beliefs, emotions, or expectations, and can result in a selective or incomplete recollection of events.

Question 19

In the 1990s,the large increase in the number of adults reporting recovered decades-old memories of childhood sexual abuse probably was the result of:

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon was largely attributed to the use of suggestive techniques by psychotherapists during therapy sessions, leading individuals to create false memories of childhood sexual abuse that did not actually occur. This is supported by research studies and the subsequent backlash against these techniques in the field of psychology.

Question 20

As illustrated by the study in which people first imagined and then falsely remembered spilling punch all over the bride's parents at a wedding,_____ plays a large role in the formation of false memories.

Accepted Answer

Visual imagery plays a large role in the formation of false memories, as demonstrated by the study in which participants imagined spilling punch on the bride's parents and later falsely remembered actually doing it. This suggests that the vividness and detail of an imagined event can influence the likelihood of later falsely recalling it as a real memory. State-dependent retrieval refers to the phenomenon in which memory performance is better when an individual's internal state at retrieval matches the internal state at encoding. Misattribution refers to the process of assigning a memory to the wrong source, and flashbulb memory refers to especially vivid and detailed memories of highly emotional or surprising events.

Quiz 6: Memory-Part A