Question 1

Estella is afraid of cats.To help her overcome her fear,her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Estella is watching.Her mother encourages her to imitate her behavior.Estella's mother is using_________.

Accepted Answer

Estella's mother is using modeling, where she is demonstrating a desired behavior (calmly petting and stroking a cat) for Estella to imitate. Reinforcement, token economy, and extinction are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 2

The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called ______.

Accepted Answer

The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called modeling.

Question 3

Due to new computer technology that involves having the client wear a headset that can project realistic anxiety-provoking images,therapists can now conduct ________ through virtual reality exposure in their offices.

Accepted Answer

Flooding is a therapy technique in which individuals are rapidly and intensely exposed to a feared stimulus in order to reduce the fear response. Virtual reality exposure is a newer form of flooding therapy that can be conducted in a therapist's office using specialized computer technology. The other choices listed do not pertain to this specific therapy technique.

Question 4

Which behavior therapy technique is commonly used to treat anxiety disorders?

Accepted Answer

Exposure therapy is a type of behavior therapy commonly used to treat anxiety disorders. It involves exposing the client to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment, helping them to become desensitized to the anxiety-provoking stimuli. Other behavior therapy techniques, such as interpretation, free association, and dream analysis, are commonly associated with psychodynamic therapies rather than behavioral therapies.

Question 5

Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for treating overeating or smoking?

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy is most appropriate for treating overeating or smoking. This technique associates the habit with an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, such as a bad taste or odor, to decrease its frequency. This creates a negative response to the habit and weakens the individual's desire to engage in it.

Question 6

Mary,who has a great fear of flying,has been instructed by her behavior therapist to take a brief ride in an actual airplane.If Mary follows her therapist's instructions,then she'll be engaged in ________.

Accepted Answer

In vivo exposure involves real-life exposure to the feared stimulus or situation, such as taking a ride in an actual airplane. Imaginal exposure would focus on imaginary or mental exposure to the feared stimulus, while aversive exposure involves pairing the feared stimulus with a negative experience (such as a shock) to reduce the fear response. Virtual reality exposure involves simulating the feared stimulus or situation in a computerized environment.

Question 7

Iram is afraid of snakes.In an effort to help him overcome his fear,his therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them.Iram is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed.Iram's therapist is using______.

Accepted Answer

Iram's therapist is using flooding, a type of exposure therapy where the individual is exposed to their fear or phobia in a controlled and safe environment until their anxiety decreases. Systematic desensitization involves gradual exposure to the feared object or situation, while paradoxical intent involves intentionally exaggerating the fear to lessen its intensity. Aversion therapy involves pairing a negative stimulus with the behavior or object that is being avoided.

Question 8

Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Token economy is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning, where desired behaviors are reinforced through the use of tokens (such as coins or points) that can be exchanged for rewards. This therapy is often used in the treatment of ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and other conditions related to behavior management. Systematic desensitization, flooding, and aversion therapy are all based on the principles of classical conditioning.

Question 9

The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus is called________.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is the process of strengthening a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus. This can be positive reinforcement, where a reward or pleasurable consequence is added, or negative reinforcement, where an unpleasant stimulus is removed. Modeling refers to learning by observing and imitating others, punishment involves a consequence that weakens a behavior, and extinction is the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior when it is no longer reinforced.

Question 10

Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by watching his brother receive attention for hitting and biting and then imitating his behavior.Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by using which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

Hiram learned to engage in inappropriate behaviors by observing and imitating his brother's behavior, which is an example of modeling. Reinforcement (A) involves increasing a behavior through the presentation of a stimulus, which does not apply in this situation. Token economy (B) involves rewarding desirable behaviors with tokens, which is not applicable either. Extinction (D) involves reducing a behavior by withholding reinforcement, which also does not apply in this situation since Hiram is seeking attention through inappropriate behaviors.

Question 11

__________ is a form of therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory.

Accepted Answer

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. This technique is meant to desensitize the clients to their traumatic experiences and reduce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Question 12

What is an advantage of using operant conditioning in treating undesirable behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning focuses on changing behaviors through reinforcement and punishment. This can lead to quick results as individuals learn to associate certain behaviors with positive or negative consequences.

Question 13

_________ strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence.

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence, such as a reward or praise.

Question 14

Eloise is living with post-traumatic stress disorder.During her therapy session,her therapist asks her to move her eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory.Eloise's therapist is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Eloise's therapist is using eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR), which involves rapid eye movements while thinking of a disturbing memory to help desensitize the patient to the emotional impact of the memory. Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the patient to the feared object or situation in a controlled manner, while eye-memory therapy and eye therapy are not recognized treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 15

_________ strengthens a response by following it with the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus. For example, taking an aspirin to relieve a headache strengthens the behavior of taking aspirin in response to headaches because it removes the unpleasant stimulus of the headache. In contrast, positive reinforcement strengthens a response by adding a pleasant stimulus, punishment weakens a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus, and extinction weakens a behavior by removing a reinforcing stimulus.

Question 16

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing is primarily used for treatment of __________.

Accepted Answer

Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) is primarily used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is an evidence-based psychotherapy that involves recalling traumatic memories while simultaneously engaging in bilateral sensory stimulation, such as eye movements or tapping. This helps reprocess the traumatic experience and reduce symptom severity. While EMDR may be used for other conditions, such as depression or anxiety, it is most commonly associated with PTSD treatment.

Question 17

Every time Jarrad opens his cigarette case or uses his lighter,he gets a painful electric shock.Jarrad's friends and family have been asked not to give him any cigarettes or light any cigarettes for him,so he must use his own lighter if he wants to smoke.Eventually,Jarrad loses his desire to smoke,thanks to ______.

Accepted Answer

Jarrad's association of smoking with painful electric shocks is an example of aversion conditioning, which involves linking a behavior to negative consequences in order to decrease its occurrence. Over time, Jarrad loses his desire to smoke because of the unpleasant sensations he experiences when he tries to do so.

Question 18

________ has been used successfully in helping children who have a fear of going to the dentist,social withdrawal,obsessive-compulsive behaviors,and phobias.

Accepted Answer

Modeling involves observing and imitating the behavior of others. In the context of therapy, it can be used to help individuals learn new behaviors and overcome fears or phobias. By observing someone else successfully completing the same task or facing the same fear, the individual may feel more confident and empowered to do the same. This technique has been used successfully in dental anxiety treatment, social withdrawal, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and phobias.

Question 19

A technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Flooding is a technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response. Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the person to the feared stimulus in a hierarchy of increasingly anxiety-provoking situations. Paradoxical intent involves encouraging the person to deliberately engage in the behavior or symptom that they are trying to avoid. Aversive therapy involves pairing an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 20

Juan is so afraid of germs that he wears gloves when opening doors.He is encouraged by his therapist to imitate a person in a video who demonstrates opening a door,step-by-step,without wearing gloves.Which technique is his therapist using?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using participant modeling, which involves the individual imitating another person's behavior in order to reduce fear or anxiety. This technique can be effective in treating phobias such as germophobia. Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the individual to feared stimuli while using relaxation techniques, token economy involves rewarding desired behaviors, and extinction involves eliminating a behavior by removing reinforcement.

Quiz 15: Psychological Therapies