Question 1

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _______________.
A)unstable and subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime
B)unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person's adult life
C)relatively stable through the first three to four years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches school age
D)relatively stable well into adulthood

Accepted Answer

Research on temperament stability consistently shows that individual temperamental characteristics remain relatively stable well into adulthood, with some minor variations. Temperament is considered to be a biologically based trait that is largely unaffected by external factors such as parenting or environmental experiences.

Question 2

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5,his third stage,as characterized by the major challenge of ______.
A)identity versus role diffusion
B)industry versus inferiority
C)initiative versus guilt
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of social development characterizes the period from 3 to 5 years old as the stage of initiative versus guilt. This stage is marked by the challenge of developing a sense of initiative in pursuing goals while also maintaining a balance of social responsibility and consideration for others. Children at this stage may experience guilt if they believe their actions have caused harm or disapproval from authority figures.

Question 3

Egbert is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change.However,if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations,then eventually he will accept them without too much distress.Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ______.
A)active
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)easy

Accepted Answer

Egbert's slow adaptation to change and need for gradual introduction to new people or situations align with the characteristics of a slow-to-warm-up temperament according to Thomas and Chess's theory of temperament.

Question 4

Like any 4-month-old,Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries,her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson,Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
A)trust
B)mistrust
C)autonomy
D)initiative

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that during the first year of life, infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on how well their caregivers meet their basic needs. Amy's parents are attentive to her needs, which fosters a sense of trust and security in her.

Question 5

Jevon and his sister Lea are opening their presents on Christmas morning.Lea opens up a beautiful doll with a dress and lovely blond hair.Jevon says,"ew,that is a girl's toy." Jevon clearly has some established gender _______ for playtime behavior.
A)roles
B)stereotypes
C)expectations
D)sequences

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jevon and his sister Lea are opening...

Question 6

Mothers who were unresponsive,insensitive,and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants.
A)securely
B)avoidant
C)ambivalent
D)disorganized/disoriented

Accepted Answer

Mothers who are unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting are associated with avoidant attachment in infants. Avoidant infants learn to avoid emotional closeness or reliance on their caregiver due to their caregiver's lack of responsiveness to their needs.

Question 7

In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development,preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior.
A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage, preschoolers are indeed challenged to control their own behavior, as they begin to assert power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions. This stage typically occurs around the ages of 3 to 5 years.

Question 8

If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development,they will make decisions and act independently.
A)integrity vs.despair
B)autonomy vs.doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)basic trust vs.mistrust

Accepted Answer

Autonomy vs. Doubt is the stage of psychosocial development, typically occurring between the ages of 18 months to 3 years, in which children gain a sense of independence and control over their environment. Successfully navigating this stage means they develop a sense of autonomy and self-confidence, while failure to do so can lead to feelings of shame and doubt in their abilities. This stage is characterized by a child's desire to make decisions and do things on their own, such as dressing themselves or choosing what toy to play with.

Question 9

____________babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore,very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence,protested mightily when the mother left,were hard to soothe,and had mixed reactions upon mother's return.
A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Ambivalent
D)Disorganized/disoriented

Accepted Answer

This describes the behavior of babies classified as "Ambivalent" in Ainsworth's study.

Question 10

Chester is irritable,loud,and negative most of the time.He doesn't like it when new people pick him up,and he has irregular sleeping,eating,and waking schedules.What temperament does he exhibit?
A)active
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)easy

Accepted Answer

Chester exhibits many characteristics of a difficult temperament, including being irritable, having irregular schedules, and being resistant to new experiences like being picked up by strangers.

Question 11

Attachment usually takes place within the __________of life.
A)first year
B)first month
C)first six months
D)first four months.

Accepted Answer

Attachment usually takes place within the first six months of life. This is typically known as the sensitive period for attachment where infants form a strong emotional bond with their primary caregivers. While infants may start to develop attachment behaviors within the first month, it is the first six months that are most critical for the formation of secure attachment.

Question 12

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants__________.
A)do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
B)protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns
C)cry if the mother leaves the room,are easily soothed,and welcome her back when she returns
D)are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth described securely attached infants as those who cry when the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. They seek comfort from the mother but are able to explore and play when she is around.

Question 13

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort.Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.
A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

Erikson refers to the stage between the ages of 5 and 12 as the industry versus inferiority stage. During this stage, children strive to develop a sense of competence through their work and effort, and they may feel inferior or inadequate if they are not successful in their endeavors.

Question 14

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?
A)initiative vs..doubt
B)integrity vs.despair
C)industry vs.inferiority
D)basic trust vs.mistrust

Accepted Answer

Integrity vs. despair is a stage of psychosocial development that appears in adulthood. This stage typically occurs during late adulthood, and involves reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of satisfaction or accomplishment (integrity) or a sense of regret and despair (despair). The other choices listed (initiative vs. doubt, industry vs. inferiority, and basic trust vs. mistrust) are stages that occur in childhood.

Question 15

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called_________.
A)temperament
B)attachment
C)trust
D)habituation

Accepted Answer

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called attachment. This bond is essential for the child's overall development and impacts their future social and emotional relationships.

Question 16

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?
A)trust versus mistrust
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

The psychosocial crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt revolves around a child's learning to direct their own behavior and make choices for themselves. This stage typically occurs during the ages of 1 to 3 years, and children who successfully navigate this crisis develop a sense of independence and self-confidence.

Question 17

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent,and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?
A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Resistant
D)Disorganized

Accepted Answer

Babies with an avoidant attachment style do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent, and they are equally comfortable with her and a stranger. They tend to avoid the mother after a separation and don't seek comfort from her when she returns. This detachment may arise from a need for self-sufficiency and a belief that their mother will not be able to meet their needs.

Question 18

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?
A)the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B)aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C)parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D)the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth was trying to determine the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies when she devised the Strange Situation experimental method.

Question 19

Anna,a one year old,fears being away from her mother.It appears that Anna has ________.
A)an attachment disorder
B)stranger anxiety
C)generalized anxiety
D)separation anxiety

Accepted Answer

Anna's fear of being away from her mother suggests that she has separation anxiety, which is a common and developmentally appropriate fear for infants and toddlers. Attachment disorder refers to a more severe and long-lasting pattern of difficulties in forming close relationships, and generalized anxiety refers to excessive worry and fear about a variety of situations. Stranger anxiety is another common fear in infants and toddlers, but it specifically refers to fear and wariness of unfamiliar people, rather than fear of separation from a caregiver.

Question 20

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she ________.
A)should receive immediate medical attention
B)will view novel and eccentric stimuli
C)will be in a room with other children that they don't know
D)will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation

Accepted Answer

The "Strange Situation" is a procedure used to assess a child's attachment style, in which the child is left alone or with a stranger in an unfamiliar situation. It does not involve medical attention, eccentric stimuli, or being in a room with unfamiliar children.

Quiz 8: Development Across the Life Span

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _______________.

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5,his third stage,as characterized by the major challenge of ______.

Egbert is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change.However,if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations,then eventually he will accept them without too much distress.Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ______.

Like any 4-month-old,Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries,her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson,Amy is developing a sense of ___________.

Jevon and his sister Lea are opening their presents on Christmas morning.Lea opens up a beautiful doll with a dress and lovely blond hair.Jevon says,"ew,that is a girl's toy." Jevon clearly has some established gender _______ for playtime behavior.

Mothers who were unresponsive,insensitive,and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants.

In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development,preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior.

If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development,they will make decisions and act independently.

____________babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore,very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence,protested mightily when the mother left,were hard to soothe,and had mixed reactions upon mother's return.

Chester is irritable,loud,and negative most of the time.He doesn't like it when new people pick him up,and he has irregular sleeping,eating,and waking schedules.What temperament does he exhibit?

Attachment usually takes place within the __________of life.

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants__________.

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort.Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called_________.

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent,and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?

Anna,a one year old,fears being away from her mother.It appears that Anna has ________.

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she ________.