Question 1

Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment,but can also influence that environment,is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment, but can also influence that environment, is known as reciprocal determinism. Self-efficacy and locus of control are related concepts, but they do not fully encompass the idea of reciprocal determinism. Phenomenology refers to the study of subjective experiences and consciousness, and is not directly related to Bandura's theory.

Question 2

According to Carl Rogers,anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when _______.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers believed that anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when there is a discrepancy between the real self (who one currently is) and the ideal self (who one wishes to be). When there is a gap between the two, individuals experience anxiety because they do not feel congruent or integrated.

Question 3

One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is that ________________.

Accepted Answer

The social cognitive view emphasizes the importance of empirical research and testing, while the psychoanalytic view relies more on introspection and subjective interpretation. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it reflects a key difference between the two perspectives.

Question 4

Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams,primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so,no matter how much studying she does,it won't matter.Cognitive theorists would suggest that Shanda:

Accepted Answer

Shanda's belief that her performance is determined by external factors, such as the difficulty of the exams created by the professor, reflects an external locus of control. This is in line with cognitive theorists' perspectives on the role of beliefs about control in shaping behavior and experience.

Question 5

Ruth-Ann just graduated from high school;she is trying out for the soccer team at the college that she will attend in the fall.She knows that it will be more competitive than her high school team,but she believes in her ability to succeed and plans to practice all summer.Bandura would say that Ruth might have an edge over some competitors simply because she has ________.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of self-efficacy suggests that individuals with high self-efficacy, or belief in their ability to succeed in a given situation, are more likely to persevere and achieve their goals even in the face of challenges or competition. Ruth-Ann's belief in her ability to succeed on the soccer team indicates high levels of self-efficacy, which may give her an advantage over some of her competitors. The other answer choices are less relevant to self-efficacy specifically.

Question 6

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality is reciprocal determinism. This refers to the dynamic interplay between a person's behavior, environment, and personal factors (such as beliefs and attitudes), all of which continually influence and affect each other in a reciprocal manner.

Question 7

For the behaviorist,personality is a set of learned responses or _______.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believe that personality is determined by learned habits that result from the responses an individual has to particular stimuli. Therefore, among the given choices, D - "habits" best describes the behaviorist's view of personality.

Question 8

A baseball player's son is quite talented;he has received lots of awards over the years.When he gets up to bat,he expects to get a hit,and when he is in the field,he expects to make every catch.According to Bandura,what characteristic does this young man seem to have?

Accepted Answer

The young man in this scenario displays high levels of self-efficacy, which refers to a person's belief in their ability to successfully perform certain behaviors or tasks. He has confidence in his abilities to hit and catch the ball, based on his past successes and experiences.

Question 9

Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are,not for what you would like them to be.This acceptance is termed ___________.

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers coined the term "unconditional positive regard" to describe a non-judgmental and accepting attitude towards others, regardless of their behavior or beliefs. This acceptance is not contingent on the individual meeting certain conditions or expectations, but rather is an unconditional acceptance of the person as they are.

Question 10

According to Albert Bandura,a person's belief about his or her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, a person's belief about his or her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as self-efficacy.

Question 11

You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon.As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room,you hope the surgeon has a high level of _______.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief in their ability to successfully perform a task or achieve a goal, which is particularly relevant for a brain surgeon who needs to have confidence in their skills and abilities in order to perform delicate brain surgery successfully. Ego, extraversion, and superego are not as directly related to surgical skill and competence.

Question 12

Which of the following descriptions is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Self-actualization is the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is characterized by individuals achieving their full potential and becoming the best version of themselves. Option B, "real self close to ideal self," fits this description as it suggests an alignment between one's actual self and the ideal self, indicating that the individual is reaching their full potential. Options A, C, and D do not describe self-actualization.

Question 13

_____________ theory is called the "third force" in personality theory.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic theory, which focuses on individuals' self-actualization and personal growth, is often referred to as the "third force" in personality theory, after the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives. This term was coined by Abraham Maslow and his colleagues to distinguish their approach from the two dominant theories of the time.

Question 14

Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of:

Accepted Answer

Skinner and Watson believed that personality is shaped by the principles of classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning. They believed that behavior is learned through reinforcement, and that individuals learn by observing the behavior of others in social situations. Therefore, the best answer is B, as it includes both classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning.

Question 15

What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories emphasize the importance of human choice and personal responsibility in shaping individual development and self-actualization. They believe that individuals have the capacity to make choices that determine their own destiny and that personal growth occurs when individuals are able to align their choices with their authentic selves. This reflects the core concept of humanism, which emphasizes the positive potential of human beings to achieve self-fulfillment and personal growth.

Question 16

Jeff has to get up early to go to school,but he wants to stay up late and watch television.His parents disapprove of him staying up late,but when they go out for the evening,he disregards their wishes and stays up late anyway.The next day he feels extremely guilty.How would Carl Rogers explain Jeff's guilt?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers would likely explain Jeff's guilt as a result of a psychological conflict between Jeff's personal desires and the opinion he has adopted from his parents that staying up late is wrong. Rogers emphasized the importance of congruence between a person's self-concept and their experiences, and Jeff's guilt in this situation may stem from a perceived disconnect between his personal desires and his parents' values. Rogers might also suggest that Jeff's guilt represents a discrepancy between his actual self (staying up late) and his ideal self (following his parents' values).

Question 17

A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment,person,and behavior.This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

The three factors described (environment, person, and behavior) align with the key concepts of social cognitive psychology, which emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between an individual's environment, cognitive processes, and behavior. Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories instead focus on unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences shaping personality, while trait theories emphasize the stable and enduring characteristics that define individuals.

Question 18

In Carl Rogers's theory,our perception of our abilities,behaviors,and characteristics is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is called our self-concept. Self-regard refers to how we value and treat ourselves, and self-esteem is the emotional response to our level of self-regard. While personality may influence our self-concept, it is not the same thing as our self-concept.

Question 19

The source that a person believes to be exerting control over life's events is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The source that a person believes to be exerting control over life's events is their locus of control. It refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them.

Question 20

Which of the following was not a facet of Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism includes the interaction between environment, personal/cognitive factors, and behaviors, but it does not specifically address feelings of inferiority.

Quiz 13: Psychological Therapies