Question 1

________ is the a type of validity that assesses the relationship between theoretical constructs.It seeks to confirm significant correlations between the constructs as predicted by theory.
A) Nomological validity
B) Concurrent validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Discriminant validity

Accepted Answer

Nomological validity assesses the relationship between theoretical constructs and seeks to confirm significant correlations between the constructs as predicted by theory. Concurrent validity assesses whether an instrument can distinguish between groups that are known to differ on the construct being measured at the same time. Convergent validity assesses whether measures of the same construct are strongly correlated. Discriminant validity assesses whether measures of different constructs are not strongly correlated.

Question 2

________ is a type of validity that addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is measuring.An attempt is made to answer theoretical questions of why a scale works and what deductions can be made concerning the theory underlying the scale.
A) Content validity
B) Internal consistency validity
C) Criterion validity
D) Construct validity

Accepted Answer

Construct validity addresses whether the scale is measuring the intended construct or characteristic. It involves examining the relationship between the scale and other variables, as well as the underlying theoretical framework. Content validity is about how well the items on the scale represent the construct. Internal consistency validity is about whether items within the scale are measuring the same construct. Criterion validity is about how well the scale predicts a particular outcome or criterion.

Question 3

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves and the resulting half scores are correlated.
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Alternative-forms reliability
C) Split-half reliability
D) Internal consistency reliability

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability is a form of internal consistency reliability, which involves dividing the items of the scale into two halves and correlating the resulting half-scores. This method is used to assess if the items of the scale are measuring the same construct. Test-retest reliability involves testing the same participants at two different times to assess the consistency of the test results. Alternative-forms reliability assesses if different versions of the same test are consistent in measuring the same construct. Internal consistency reliability involves assessing how well the items of the scale are consistent in measuring the same construct.

Question 4

________ is a type of construct validity that assesses the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ.
A) Convergent validity
B) Concurrent validity
C) Discriminant validity
D) Nomological validity

Accepted Answer

Discriminant validity is the type of construct validity that assesses the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ. It ensures that a measure is not simply measuring the same construct under a different name, but is actually distinct from other constructs. Convergent validity, on the other hand, assesses the extent to which a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct, while concurrent validity assesses the extent to which a measure correlates with a criterion measure at the same point in time. Nomological validity assesses the extent to which a measure is related to other measures or variables in a pattern that is consistent with theoretical expectations.

Question 5

A measure is perfectly reliable if ________.
A) XS = 0
B) XT = 0
C) XO = 0
D) XR = 0

Accepted Answer

Perfect reliability is achieved when there is no variability in measurement over time, and this is indicated by a perfect test-retest correlation (r = 1) and a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 0. The symbol used to represent standard error of measurement is SEM and for test-retest reliability is XR. Therefore, if XR = 0, it indicates that the measure is perfectly reliable.

Question 6

________ is a type of validity,sometimes called face validity,that consists of a subjective but systematic evaluation of the representativeness of the content of a scale for the measuring task at hand.
A) Internal consistency validity
B) Criterion validity
C) Construct validity
D) Content validity

Accepted Answer

Content validity is the type of validity that assesses whether a scale or test measures the intended construct or trait. It evaluates the extent to which the items or questions in a test represent the content of the domain being tested. This type of validity is important for ensuring that the test is relevant and applicable to the target population and measuring what it is supposed to measure.

Question 7

________ is the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic.
A) Reliability
B) Generalizability
C) Validity
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measurement tool or scale over time and across different situations. It measures the extent to which the instrument yields consistent and accurate results.

Question 8

In ________ the degree of similarity between two measurements is determined by computing a correlation coefficient.The higher the correlation coefficient,the greater the reliability.
A) test-retest reliability
B) coefficient beta
C) coefficient alpha
D) internal consistency reliability

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability involves measuring the same variable on two separate occasions and then computing the correlation between the two sets of scores. The higher the correlation coefficient between the two sets of scores, the greater the reliability. Thus, test-retest reliability is the approach that determines the degree of similarity between two measurements by computing a correlation coefficient.

Question 9

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.
A) Alternative-forms reliability
B) Split-half reliability
C) Internal consistency reliability
D) Test-retest reliability

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of results over time by administering the same set of items to the same group of respondents at two different points in time. This helps to determine whether the scale items are stable and reliable over time.

Question 10

A scale designed to measure store image would be considered inadequate if it omitted any of the major dimensions (quality,variety,assortment of merchandise,etc. ).This inadequacy would be reflected in the ________ of the scale.
A) internal consistency validity
B) construct validity
C) content validity
D) criterion validity

Accepted Answer

Content validity relates to the extent to which a scale covers all the major dimensions of a concept being measured. In this case, if a store image scale leaves out any major dimensions, then its content validity is questionable. Internal consistency validity pertains to the degree to which items within a scale consistently measure the same construct. Construct validity refers to the ability of the scale to measure the underlying construct it is intended to measure. Criterion validity pertains to the extent to which a scale correlates with a gold standard or established criteria for the concept being measured.

Question 11

________ is a type of validity that examines whether the measurement scale performs as expected in relation to other variables selected as meaningful criteria.
A) Content validity
B) Internal consistency validity
C) Criterion validity
D) Construct validity

Accepted Answer

Criterion validity examines the extent to which a measurement scale is able to predict meaningful outcomes, making it a type of validity that assesses the relationship between the measure and other variables. Content validity evaluates whether the items on the scale adequately cover the construct being measured. Internal consistency examines the degree to which the items on the scale are interrelated. Construct validity evaluates how well the scale measures an underlying construct.

Question 12

Which statement is not true regarding the relationship between reliability and validity?
A) If a measure is perfectly valid,it is also perfectly reliable.
B) Reliability is a necessary,but not sufficient,condition for validity.
C) If a measure is perfectly reliable,it is perfectly valid.
D) Unreliability implies invalidity.

Accepted Answer

A perfectly reliable measure is not necessarily valid, as it may consistently measure the wrong construct.

Question 13

________ is the extent to which differences in observed scale scores reflect true differences among objects on the characteristics being measured,rather than systematic or random errors.
A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Generalizability
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the extent to which a measure is measuring what it claims to measure. In other words, it is the degree to which differences in scores truly represent differences in the construct being measured. Reliability, on the other hand, refers to the consistency and stability of scores over time or across different items on the same test. Generalizability refers to the degree to which findings from a particular study can be generalized to other settings or populations. None of the above is not the correct answer in this case.

Question 14

________ is assessed when the data on the scale being evaluated on the criterion variables are collected at the same time.
A) Discriminant validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Concurrent validity is assessed when the data on the scale being evaluated on the criterion variables are collected at the same time, making it the best choice among the options given. Discriminant validity, on the other hand, measures the ability of a scale to distinguish between different constructs. Convergent validity measures the degree to which different scales measuring the same construct are correlated. Predictive validity measures how well a scale predicts future outcomes.

Question 15

________ is an approach for assessing the internal consistency of the set of items when several items are summated in order to form a total score for the scale.
A) Alternative-forms reliability
B) Split-half reliability
C) Test-retest reliability
D) Internal consistency reliability

Accepted Answer

Internal consistency reliability is specifically designed to assess the internal consistency of a scale. It examines the extent to which items within a scale are measuring the same underlying construct. The most commonly used method for assessing internal consistency reliability is Cronbach's alpha, which is a coefficient ranging from 0 to 1 that measures the degree to which items in a scale are positively correlated with each other.

Question 16

To assess ________,a type of criterion validity,the researcher collects data on the scale at one point in time and data on the criterion variables at a future time.
A) discriminant validity
B) convergent validity
C) predictive validity
D) concurrent validity

Accepted Answer

Predictive validity involves collecting data on a scale at one point in time and data on the criterion variable at a future time. This form of validity assesses whether the scale is able to predict future outcomes or behaviors, and is often used in fields such as psychology, education, and healthcare.

Question 17

________ is a measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items.
A) Coefficient beta
B) Coefficient alpha
C) Coefficient eta
D) Coefficient delta

Accepted Answer

The measure described is Cronbach's alpha, which is a type of internal consistency reliability coefficient used to measure the reliability of a scale or test. It is calculated as the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items. Coefficient beta, eta, and delta are not commonly used measures of reliability in psychology.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a problem with alternative-forms reliability?
A) It is time consuming and expensive to construct an equivalent form of the scale.
B) The results will depend on how the scale items are split.
C) It is difficult to construct two equivalent forms of a scale.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Accepted Answer

Alternative-forms reliability does not involve splitting scale items; that issue pertains to split-half reliability. The main problems with alternative-forms reliability are the difficulty and expense of creating equivalent forms (A and C).

Question 19

There are several problems associated with the test-retest approach to determining reliability.If measuring respondents' attitude toward low-fat milk may cause them to become more health conscious and develop a more positive attitude toward low-fat milk,then there is a problem with ________.
A) the first measurement having a carryover effect to the second or subsequent measurements
B) the time interval between testing
C) the initial measurement altering the characteristic being measured
D) it being impossible to make repeated measurements

Accepted Answer

The initial measurement may influence the respondents' attitudes, altering the characteristic being measured, which affects the reliability of the test-retest approach.

Question 20

________ is a measure of construct validity that measures the extent to which the scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct.
A) Nomological validity
B) Concurrent validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Discriminant validity

Accepted Answer

Convergent validity is a measure of construct validity that measures the extent to which the scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct. It indicates that the measure is converging on the same construct as other established measures of that construct. Nomological validity refers to the ability of a measure to correlate with other measures in a pattern that is consistent with theoretical predictions. Concurrent validity refers to the ability of a measure to correlate with other measures of the same construct at the same point in time. Discriminant validity refers to the ability of a measure to distinguish between the construct being measured and other constructs that may be related but different.

Quiz 9: Measurement and Scaling: Non Comparative Scaling Techniques

________ is the a type of validity that assesses the relationship between theoretical constructs.It seeks to confirm significant correlations between the constructs as predicted by theory.

________ is a type of validity that addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is measuring.An attempt is made to answer theoretical questions of why a scale works and what deductions can be made concerning the theory underlying the scale.

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves and the resulting half scores are correlated.

________ is a type of construct validity that assesses the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ.

A measure is perfectly reliable if ________.

________ is a type of validity,sometimes called face validity,that consists of a subjective but systematic evaluation of the representativeness of the content of a scale for the measuring task at hand.

________ is the extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic.

In ________ the degree of similarity between two measurements is determined by computing a correlation coefficient.The higher the correlation coefficient,the greater the reliability.

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.

A scale designed to measure store image would be considered inadequate if it omitted any of the major dimensions (quality,variety,assortment of merchandise,etc. ) .This inadequacy would be reflected in the ________ of the scale.

________ is a type of validity that examines whether the measurement scale performs as expected in relation to other variables selected as meaningful criteria.

Which statement is not true regarding the relationship between reliability and validity?

________ is the extent to which differences in observed scale scores reflect true differences among objects on the characteristics being measured,rather than systematic or random errors.

________ is assessed when the data on the scale being evaluated on the criterion variables are collected at the same time.

________ is an approach for assessing the internal consistency of the set of items when several items are summated in order to form a total score for the scale.

To assess ________,a type of criterion validity,the researcher collects data on the scale at one point in time and data on the criterion variables at a future time.

________ is a measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items.

Which of the following is not a problem with alternative-forms reliability?

There are several problems associated with the test-retest approach to determining reliability.If measuring respondents' attitude toward low-fat milk may cause them to become more health conscious and develop a more positive attitude toward low-fat milk,then there is a problem with ________.

________ is a measure of construct validity that measures the extent to which the scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct.