Question 1

Describe the reciprocal associations between parental sensitivity and children's self-esteem, and between peer acceptance and children's self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Which statement is TRUE about sexual identity or orientation?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that identical twins are more likely to share the same sexual identity than fraternal twins, indicating a genetic component to sexual orientation. However, environmental factors may also play a role. 
Choice B is incorrect as current psychological research supports that sexual identity is not a choice but is influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. 
Choice C is incorrect as individuals may not necessarily become attracted to those who they feel are most similar to them, and sexual orientation is not simply based on similarities or differences. 
Choice D is incorrect as genetic factors may play a role in sexual orientation, but it is not entirely determined by genes.

Question 3

Sexual-minority individuals who feel ambivalent about their same-sex attractions, but are starting to have limited contact with gay or lesbian individuals, are in which stage of the coming-out process?

Accepted Answer

This stage is known as "test and exploration," where individuals start to have limited contact with same-sex individuals and begin to question their own sexual orientation. They may feel ambivalent about their feelings and are exploring their options.

Question 4

Compare and contrast the four styles of attachment. Explain both the parent's behaviour toward the child as well as the child's behaviour toward the parent.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the four styles of...

Question 5

Which element is NOT a necessary component of children's ethnic identity?

Accepted Answer

Pride is not a necessary component of children's ethnic identity, as ethnic identity can exist without necessarily feeling pride. The other elements are essential for forming an ethnic identity.

Question 6

How is the notion of the "looking glass self" related to the notion of the internal working model? What evidence is there for the validity of the "looking glass self"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is the notion of the "looking...

Question 7

For sexual-minority individuals who proceed through all of the steps of the coming-out process, which step is final?

Accepted Answer

The final step of the coming-out process for sexual-minority individuals is typically feeling pride in themselves and their sexual community. This means they have fully embraced their sexual identity and are comfortable with who they are. Other steps, such as disclosing to heterosexual family and friends, may come before this but feeling pride is often seen as the final step towards acceptance and self-actualization.

Question 8

Describe the four identity-status categories into which researchers classify adolescents. For each category, provide the criteria used to classify individuals into the category.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the four identity-status categories into which...

Question 9

Which statement is TRUE of ethnic-minority youth and their ethnic identity?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the development of a bicultural identity, where an individual is able to identify with both their ethnic culture and the mainstream culture, can provide benefits such as increased self-esteem and psychological well-being. Option A is incorrect as achieving ethnic identity is a process, and not all individuals may reach the achievement stage. Option B is also incorrect as higher levels of ethnic identity are generally associated with more positive outcomes. Option D is incorrect as commitment to the ethnic group is actually a key aspect of achieving ethnic identity.

Question 10

Describe the notions of a personal fable and a belief in an imaginary audience. Give an example of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the notions of a personal fable...

Question 11

Think about the concept of a secure base. First, describe what is meant by this concept. Then describe how having a secure base can be important for cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Children tend to identify themselves according to their ethnic group between the ages of:

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to identify themselves according to their ethnic group between the ages of 5 and 8 years, as they develop a greater understanding of social categories and their own identity.

Question 13

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true since studies show that sexual-minority individuals tend to have lower feelings of control in their romantic relationships compared to heterosexual individuals.

Question 14

Describe the notion of the internal working model of attachment. What does this working model include? What type of internal working model is associated with having unresponsive, uncaring, and unavailable caregivers? What about caregivers who are accessible and responsive?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the notion of the internal working...

Question 15

Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out...

Question 16

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves:

Accepted Answer

Ethnic knowledge involves understanding the distinct traits, customs, and behaviours of one's ethnic group. This knowledge helps individuals better identify with their culture and heritage.

Question 17

Describe the attachment process according to Bowlby.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the attachment process according to Bowlby....

Question 18

Which statement about the age at which same-sex attractions first become noticed by gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that males often recognize same-sex attractions at an earlier age compared to females. This pattern has been observed in various studies on sexual orientation development.

Question 19

Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that sexual-minority youth are more likely to experience physical fighting, dating violence, and bullying compared to their heterosexual peers. This may be due to discrimination and stigma they face as a result of coming out. Choices A and C are not true as research has shown a growing trend in acceptance and support from parents when their children come out. Choice B is also not true as parental acceptance and support have been linked to improved mental health outcomes for sexual-minority youth.

Question 20

Flora is 3 years old and is a member of an ethnic minority group. Flora is LEAST likely to:

Accepted Answer

At 3 years old, Flora is unlikely to have the cognitive ability to understand the permanence of her ethnic identity, which is a more complex concept than simply recognizing or labeling her ethnic group.

Quiz 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Describe the reciprocal associations between parental sensitivity and children's self-esteem, and between peer acceptance and children's self-esteem.

Which statement is TRUE about sexual identity or orientation?

Sexual-minority individuals who feel ambivalent about their same-sex attractions, but are starting to have limited contact with gay or lesbian individuals, are in which stage of the coming-out process?

Compare and contrast the four styles of attachment. Explain both the parent's behaviour toward the child as well as the child's behaviour toward the parent.

Which element is NOT a necessary component of children's ethnic identity?

How is the notion of the "looking glass self" related to the notion of the internal working model? What evidence is there for the validity of the "looking glass self"?

For sexual-minority individuals who proceed through all of the steps of the coming-out process, which step is final?

Describe the four identity-status categories into which researchers classify adolescents. For each category, provide the criteria used to classify individuals into the category.

Which statement is TRUE of ethnic-minority youth and their ethnic identity?

Describe the notions of a personal fable and a belief in an imaginary audience. Give an example of each.

Think about the concept of a secure base. First, describe what is meant by this concept. Then describe how having a secure base can be important for cognitive development.

Children tend to identify themselves according to their ethnic group between the ages of:

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true?

Describe the notion of the internal working model of attachment. What does this working model include? What type of internal working model is associated with having unresponsive, uncaring, and unavailable caregivers? What about caregivers who are accessible and responsive?

Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth?

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves:

Describe the attachment process according to Bowlby.

Which statement about the age at which same-sex attractions first become noticed by gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals is TRUE?

Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth?

Flora is 3 years old and is a member of an ethnic minority group. Flora is LEAST likely to: