Question 1

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for substance-use disorder includes the continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, as indicated in the DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse. Why have the DSM-5 authors removed "legal problems" from this criterion?

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 authors removed "legal problems" from the criteria due to its low prevalence and limited diagnostic utility.

Question 2

Celeste went to a fraternity party on Saturday night and had too much to drink. Although the last thing she remembers is dancing with Paul, she does not recollect how she got home. Celeste is most likely experiencing:

Accepted Answer

A blackout is a type of amnesia that occurs when a person drinks too much alcohol. During a blackout, the person may be conscious and engaging in activities, but their brain is unable to create new memories. This is likely what Celeste experienced, as she remembers dancing with Paul but does not recall how she got home. It is important to note that not all heavy drinkers will experience blackouts, and the frequency and severity of blackouts can vary based on factors such as age, sex, and genetics.

Question 3

Alcohol is considered a ____ because it ____.

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is a depressant because it slows down the central nervous system.

Question 4

Which of the following substances has relatively low risk for tolerance?

Accepted Answer

Cannabis has relatively low risk for tolerance compared to nicotine, alcohol, and opioids. Tolerance is the reduction of response to a drug over time, which means that a person needs more of the drug to achieve the same effect. Cannabis has a slower development of tolerance compared to other drugs, such as opioids, which can cause rapid tolerance and need for higher doses over a short period of time. However, tolerance can still develop with chronic use of cannabis.

Question 5

The DSM-5 authors have combined substance abuse and dependence into one diagnosis called:

Accepted Answer

The DSM-5 authors combined substance abuse and dependence into one diagnosis called substance-use disorder. This new diagnosis encompasses a range of severity, from mild to severe, and is based on the number of symptoms a person exhibits.

Question 6

_____ is a set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use.

Accepted Answer

Substance withdrawal is a set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that occur when individuals abruptly stop or greatly reduce their substance use after prolonged use. Symptoms vary depending on the drug used and can range from mild physical discomfort to life-threatening complications.

Question 7

Which of the following is cited as a reason why people in countries such as France show lower rates of alcohol-related substance disorders than do people in other countries?

Accepted Answer

One reason cited for lower rates of alcohol-related substance disorders in countries such as France is that alcohol is usually consumed with meals, which may limit excessive drinking and mitigate the negative effects of alcohol on the body.

Question 8

_____ is a set of behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Substance intoxication refers to the immediate effects that a substance has on an individual's behavior and psychology resulting from the substance's influence on the central nervous system. This can include impaired judgment, mood changes, distorted perceptions, and decreased motor coordination. Substance withdrawal (A) refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when an individual stops using a substance to which they have become dependent. Substance abuse (C) refers to the pattern of using a substance that leads to significant impairment or distress. Substance dependence (D) refers to a more severe pattern of substance use that involves tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and continued use despite negative consequences.

Question 9

_____ is present when a person experiences less effect from the same dose of a substance and needs more and more of it to achieve intoxication.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the phenomenon where someone needs to consume more and more of a substance to achieve the same level of intoxication or other desired effects. This is often observed in individuals who abuse drugs or alcohol regularly. Over time, the body becomes accustomed to the substance and requires higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Question 10

The diagnosis of _____ is given in the DSM-5 when a person's recurrent use of a substance results in significant harmful consequences.

Accepted Answer

According to the DSM-5, the diagnosis of substance abuse is given when a person's recurrent use of a substance results in significant harmful consequences. Substance withdrawal (A) refers to the physiological and behavioral effects that occur after discontinuing or reducing the use of a substance. Substance intoxication (C) refers to the acute effects of using a substance, such as feeling high, intoxicated, or impaired. Substance dependence (D) refers to a pattern of compulsive substance use, despite the negative consequences that result from it. The DSM-5 no longer uses the term "substance dependence" but rather "substance use disorder."

Question 11

Which of the following characterizes the first stage of alcohol withdrawal?

Accepted Answer

Tremulousness, weakness, and profuse perspiration are the most common symptoms of the first stage of alcohol withdrawal, which typically occur within 6-24 hours after cessation of drinking. Blackouts, convulsive seizures, and hallucinations usually occur in later stages of withdrawal.

Question 12

Most U.S. states consider a person to be under the influence of alcohol if his or her blood-alcohol level is _____ or above.

Accepted Answer

The legal blood-alcohol limit for driving in the United States is 0.08%, as determined by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Therefore, if a person is found to have a blood-alcohol level of 0.08% or higher, they are considered to be under the influence of alcohol and may be arrested for driving under the influence (DUI).

Question 13

Which of the following is one of the four categories of harmful consequences that suggest substance abuse?

Accepted Answer

One of the four categories of harmful consequences that suggest substance abuse is the failure to fulfill important obligations at work, home, or school as a result of substance use. The other categories include recurrent use in situations that are physically hazardous, legal problems due to substance use, and continued use despite social or personal problems caused by substance use. Option B is actually the opposite of a harmful consequence, and options C and D describe reasons why an individual may stop or reduce substance use rather than harmful consequences of continued use.

Question 14

Macklemore took something at a party earlier in the evening and is now showing changes in the function of his central nervous system that are manifesting in both behavior and physiology. He is most likely experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Substance intoxication refers to the physiological and behavioral effects that occur after a person has ingested a substance. In this scenario, Macklemore has taken something at a party and is now showing changes in both behavior and physiology. This is consistent with substance intoxication. Substance withdrawal, on the other hand, refers to the physiological and behavioral effects that occur after a person has stopped using a substance to which they are addicted. Tolerance refers to the need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect, and a drive-control disorder refers to a condition where an individual has difficulty resisting impulses or urges that may be harmful to themselves or others.

Question 15

A substance is defined as any:

Accepted Answer

A substance is typically defined as a natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects. This definition includes drugs that have psychedelic effects, but it also goes beyond that to encompass any substance that can affect a person's mind or behavior. Over-the-counter prescription drugs may fall into this category, but not all of them do. Similarly, although some substances can be addictive, addiction potential alone does not define a substance.

Question 16

Hannibal began snorting cocaine about three years ago. He said the first high was the most astounding, exciting, mind-blowing experience he'd ever had. However, he has never been able to recapture that initial euphoria, and now he needs more and more of cocaine to get anywhere near to his first experience. Hannibal:

Accepted Answer

Hannibal's increasing need for more cocaine to achieve the same effect indicates that he has developed a tolerance to the drug. This is a common symptom of long-term cocaine use.

Question 17

Which term refers to alcohol-induced amnesia for the events that occurred while one was intoxicated?

Accepted Answer

Blackout refers to alcohol-induced amnesia for the events that occurred while one was intoxicated.

Question 18

Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant, meaning that it slows down brain activity and can lead to drowsiness, decreased coordination, and impaired judgment. Cocaine and nicotine, on the other hand, are stimulants, which increase brain activity and produce feelings of alertness and euphoria. Cannabis can have both depressant and stimulant effects, depending on the strain and amount consumed.

Question 19

Clea has been using cocaine for a while now. She has been without any cocaine for 24 hours and as a result is experiencing strange behaviors and physiological responses. She is most likely showing signs of:

Accepted Answer

Clea's symptoms of strange behaviors and physiological responses are indicative of withdrawal, which occurs when a person stops using a substance after becoming dependent on it.

Question 20

Franco has fallen ill, lost his job and his wife has left him due to his problem with heroin. His friends and family are telling him that he is an addict because he is exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Substance dependence refers to the individual exhibiting a pattern of drug use that leads to significant distress or impairment, as evidenced by symptoms such as withdrawal, tolerance, and continued use despite negative consequences. Given that Franco has lost his job and wife and is also suffering from an illness, it is likely that his drug use has progressed to a state of dependence. Substance withdrawal and tolerance are two symptoms of dependence, while substance intoxication refers to acute effects of drug use.

Quiz 14: Substance Use and Gambling Disorders