Question 1

__________ is the idea that a person can,without being aware of it,be influenced by prior learning.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is the idea that a person can be influenced by prior learning without being aware of it. This type of memory involves the unconscious recall of information, such as riding a bike or typing on a keyboard. It is different from explicit memory, which involves conscious recollection of information, such as remembering a phone number or a friend's birthday.

Question 2

The difference between emotions and moods are

Accepted Answer

Emotions are relatively short-lived, intense and specific experiences while moods are longer-lasting and less intense states of feeling.

Question 3

Lindsey opened a letter saying that she got into her top choice medical school.She felt a rush of joy and began to jump up and down with excitement.Which of the following best describes Lindsey's state in the moment after opening the letter?

Accepted Answer

Lindsey's behavior of jumping up and down with excitement indicates a positive emotional response, suggesting she is experiencing happy emotions.

Question 4

Systematically rewarding desirable behavior and extinguishing undesirable behavior is the centerpiece of which behavioral theory?

Accepted Answer

Systematically rewarding desirable behavior (positive reinforcement) and extinguishing undesirable behavior (negative reinforcement or punishment) is the cornerstone of operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it.

Question 5

The primary argument against reductionism is that

Accepted Answer

The primary argument against reductionism is that certain phenomena may only emerge at specific levels of analysis. Reductionism assumes that complex phenomena can be best understood by breaking them down into simpler parts or levels of analysis, but this approach may miss important emergent properties that arise from the interaction of these parts. Therefore, it is argued that a holistic approach that considers multiple levels of analysis may be necessary for a complete understanding of some phenomena.

Question 6

The fields of behavioral medicine and health psychology focus on the impact of __________ on health.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral medicine and health psychology focus on multiple factors that can impact health, including gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and many others. Therefore, option D, "All of these are considered by behavioral medicine and health psychologists," is the best choice.

Question 7

Ted is a "workaholic;" he works 15 hours a day and never has time to spend with his family or on things he enjoys.Which of the following is a cognitive explanation of Ted's behavior?

Accepted Answer

This choice suggests that Ted's behavior is driven by his beliefs and attitudes. He may believe that being a good person means excelling at work and therefore prioritizes work over other aspects of his life.

Question 8

A distinctive facet of the cognitive behavioral paradigm is that thoughts

Accepted Answer

According to the cognitive behavioral paradigm, thoughts can directly cause feelings and behavior. It is believed that individuals' thought patterns and beliefs can influence their emotional and behavioral reactions to situations. Therefore, the correct choice is D, which suggests that thoughts cause feelings.

Question 9

Newer CBT treatments differ from the original CBT treatments in that they emphasize all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Newer CBT treatments, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), focus more on aspects like emotions, values, and sometimes spirituality, rather than solely on rational thoughts, which were a primary focus of traditional CBT.

Question 10

Cultural and ethnic studies of psychopathology conducted around the world indicate that

Accepted Answer

Research on cultural and ethnic studies of psychopathology conducted around the world show that a number of disorders are indeed observed in diverse parts of the world. However, the prevalence rates and manifestation of these disorders may differ across different cultures and ethnic groups. Additionally, the effectiveness of treatments may also vary based on cultural and social factors. Therefore, it is important to consider cultural and ethnic diversity in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 11

What paradigm was used by this therapist? Joan was fired from her job,and her therapist attempts to help her see that this is not terrible,and that being fired does not mean she is a bad person.

Accepted Answer

This therapist's approach aligns with Beck's cognitive paradigm, which focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs that contribute to emotional distress. In this case, the therapist is attempting to challenge Joan's belief that being fired makes her a bad person, which is a cognitive distortion that can lead to feelings of worthlessness and shame. The therapist is likely using techniques such as cognitive restructuring to help Joan reframe her thoughts and develop a more realistic and positive perspective on her situation.

Question 12

After the first day of class,Jack (who is always an optimist)decides the class will be fun while Jan (who struggles over grades)decides the class will be hard.Their different reactions illustrate the role of their

Accepted Answer

Their different reactions are related to their cognitive set, which is their individual way of interpreting and processing information based on their past experiences and beliefs. Jack's optimistic perspective and Jan's pessimistic one are influenced by their cognitive sets, highlighting the role of this factor in shaping individual reactions to events. The other options do not fully capture the specific mechanism that underlies their reactions in this situation.

Question 13

Helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement is called

Accepted Answer

Behavioral activation therapy focuses on helping individuals engage in activities that are positively reinforcing and increase feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and accomplishment. It is a type of behavioral therapy that can be used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. Observational learning and classical learning are not specifically focused on increasing positive reinforcement for an individual, and operant learning is a broader term that encompasses the use of reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior, rather than specifically focusing on increasing positive reinforcement.

Question 14

The Stroop task was originally developed for researchers to study

Accepted Answer

The Stroop task was originally developed as a tool for studying attention and cognitive control, specifically the ability to withhold automatic responses in favor of more deliberate responses. It has since been used to study a variety of other topics, including emotion and cognitive processes in various disorders, but its original purpose was to study attention.

Question 15

When studying the role of emotions in different mental disorders,it is important to consider

Accepted Answer

When studying the role of emotions in different mental disorders, it is important to consider which components of emotion are affected, such as emotional regulation, expression, and experience. This can help identify specific difficulties and inform treatment approaches. The other options are either not relevant or too general to be the best choice.

Question 16

Why do women have poorer health in general than men?

Accepted Answer

Women generally live longer than men, but they also experience unique health challenges throughout their lifespan such as reproductive health issues and menopause. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with certain health conditions such as autoimmune diseases and mental health disorders. Additionally, societal factors such as gender discrimination and unequal access to healthcare can lead to increased stress and impact women's overall health.

Question 17

Jane is afraid of elevators.Her psychologist,Dr.Schwartz,teaches her how to relax deeply.Then Dr.Schwartz helps her develop a list of situations with elevators that vary in how frightening or anxiety- producing they are.Finally,while relaxed,Jane imagines the series of situations with elevators.Eventually Jane is able to tolerate imagining increasingly more difficult situations in elevators such as riding an elevator 100 floors alone.By the end of the 16^th therapy session,Jane states that her fear of elevators has disappeared.Dr.Schwartz used

Accepted Answer

The therapy described in the scenario is systematic desensitization, which involves teaching the person to relax deeply and then gradually exposing them to feared situations, starting from less anxiety-provoking situations and progressing to more difficult ones. This technique is commonly used for phobias, including fear of elevators. Options A, B, and D are not applicable to the scenario.

Question 18

Multinational studies on the role of gender in psychopathology have shown that

Accepted Answer

Multinational studies have consistently shown that depression is more prevalent in women than men. One study published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry found that the lifetime prevalence of depression in women was 21.3%, while for men it was 12.7%.

Question 19

Studies of psychopathology among different cultures and ethnicities have shown that eating disorders are more common among __________,while schizophrenia is more common among __________.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that eating disorders are more common among Caucasians, while schizophrenia is more common among African-Americans. However, it is important to note that these patterns may be influenced by social and cultural factors, such as access to healthcare and stigma surrounding mental illness.

Question 20

Joan tends to see everything on the 'bright side.' That is,she rarely feels that negative events occur in her life.According to the cognitive perspective,Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her

Accepted Answer

Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her schema, which is a pre-existing mental framework that helps her interpret information in a certain way. In this case, her schema may be to focus on the positive aspects of situations and overlook the negative.

Quiz 2: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology