Question 1

Which psychoanalytic theorist is noted for his study of the unconscious?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is known as the founder of psychoanalysis and is particularly noted for his study of the unconscious mind.

Question 2

_____ emphasizes the consequences of reinforcement and punishment on behavior.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping and maintaining behavior. It suggests that behavior is a result of the environment and experiences, and that rewards and punishments affect the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 3

Which of the following individuals rejected the psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormality and was inspired by Pavlov's work?

Accepted Answer

John Watson rejected psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormality and instead focused on behaviorism. He was inspired by Ivan Pavlov's work on classical conditioning.

Question 4

Which of the following physicians showed that they could induce symptoms of hysteria through hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following physicians showed that...

Question 5

Operant conditioning theory states that learning:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning theory states that learning is affected by the consequences of behavior. This means that if behavior is followed by a positive consequence, such as a reward, it is more likely to be repeated in the future. If behavior is followed by a negative consequence, such as punishment, it is less likely to be repeated in the future. Operant conditioning does not require modeling or instructions from a teacher, and can occur with a single participant.

Question 6

_____ argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world.

Accepted Answer

The statement in the question is referring to the theory of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) developed by Albert Ellis, which suggests that psychological disorders are often caused or worsened by irrational beliefs and negative self-talk. The other choices listed are not associated with this theory.

Question 7

. The experiment that demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to stimuli other than food was conceptualized by _____.

Accepted Answer

The experiment that demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to stimuli other than food was conducted by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, in the late 19th century. He is known for his discovery of classical conditioning, which has had a significant impact on the field of psychology.

Question 8

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

Accepted Answer

Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, not classical conditioning.

Question 9

Which of the following people conceptualized the theory of self-efficacy beliefs?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura conceptualized the theory of self-efficacy beliefs as part of his social cognitive theory of human behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true about catharsis?

Accepted Answer

Catharsis refers to the release of repressed emotions, and it was believed to be a valuable therapeutic tool in psychoanalytic therapy. By allowing patients to express their deepest emotions in a safe and controlled environment, therapists could elicit important psychological material that may have otherwise remained hidden or repressed.

Question 11

Who were the authors of On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena published in 1893?

Accepted Answer

On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena was authored by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer and published in 1893.

Question 12

Albert Bandura argued that people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events, which he called _____ beliefs, are crucial in determining people's well-being.

Accepted Answer

According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy beliefs refer to a person's belief in their ability to successfully accomplish specific tasks or behaviors in order to control important events in their life. These beliefs are important because they can impact a person's motivation, emotional states, and behavior. Therefore, Bandura argues that enhancing individuals' self-efficacy beliefs can lead to better well-being and functioning.

Question 13

_____ was a class of drugs discovered in the twentieth century that reduced hallucinations and delusions and made it possible for many people who had been institutionalized for years to be released from asylums and hospitals.

Accepted Answer

Phenothiazines were discovered in the twentieth century and were used to treat mental illness. They were effective in reducing hallucinations and delusions, which allowed many patients to be released from asylums and hospitals. Gentamycin is an antibiotic, diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen, and roxatidine is an H2-receptor antagonist used to treat ulcers.

Question 14

Which of the following individuals is regarded as the best-known figure in psychiatry and psychology?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is regarded as the best-known figure in psychiatry and psychology due to his significant contributions to the development of psychoanalysis and the study of the unconscious mind. His theories and techniques are still widely studied and applied in modern psychology.

Question 15

By 1960, as part of the patients' rights movement, patients' rights advocates argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community, with the support of community-based treatment facilities-a process known as _____.

Accepted Answer

Deinstitutionalization is the process of moving patients out of large, institutional psychiatric hospitals and into community-based treatment facilities. This was a key aspect of the community mental health movement and the patients' rights movement in the 1960s. Option B, restoration, does not accurately describe this process. Option C describes the overall movement but does not specifically refer to deinstitutionalization. Option D, recuperation, does not accurately capture the ongoing process of community integration and support.

Question 16

When a patient experiences catharsis, it means that the person has:

Accepted Answer

Catharsis refers to the release of emotions that have been pent up or suppressed. It is often associated with a feeling of relief or purification, and can occur through methods such as talking about one's feelings or engaging in activities that allow for emotional expression. Losing physical sensation, becoming anxious, or finding a new meaning in life are not necessarily indicative of catharsis.

Question 17

Operant or instrumental conditioning was theorized by _____.

Accepted Answer

Operant or instrumental conditioning was theorized by Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov and Watson are associated with classical conditioning. Watson and Skinner have both contributed to the behavioral approach, but operant conditioning was not initially theorized by Watson. Pavlov and Thorndike contributed to the early science of behaviorism, but only Thorndike was involved in the development of operant conditioning theory.

Question 18

The thought processes that influence behavior and emotion are called _____.

Accepted Answer

The thought processes that influence behavior and emotion are referred to as cognitions. Insights are gained by analyzing information or data to gain a deeper understanding, while feelings refer to emotional responses to stimuli. Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior rather than internal processes.

Question 19

Which individual argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Jean Charcot was a French neurologist who believed that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain and used hypnosis to treat it.

Question 20

Pavlov's theory of learning focused on _____.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's theory focused on classical conditioning, which involves learning through the association of two or more stimuli to create a response. He famously used dogs to demonstrate this theory, by pairing the sound of a bell with the presentation of food until the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.

Quiz 1: Looking at Abnormality