Question 1

A blood pressure reading is to a _____ measure as observing how many patrons in a fast food restaurant take advantage of free drink refills is to a ______ measure.

Accepted Answer

A blood pressure reading is a physical measure, while observing how many patrons take advantage of free drink refills is a behavioral measure. Therefore, the closest match is C - physical; behavioral.

Question 2

_____ reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on two equivalent tests.

Accepted Answer

Alternate-forms reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on two equivalent tests. This type of reliability is used to assess whether different versions of a test are equivalent in terms of the measurement of the construct being studied.

Question 3

_____ reliability assesses the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges.

Accepted Answer

Interrater reliability assesses the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges. Test/retest measures the consistency of results when the same test is administered multiple times. Alternate-forms assesses the consistency of results when two different forms of the test are administered. Split-half reliability assesses the consistency of results when half of the items on the test are compared to the other half.

Question 4

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the strongest degree of relationship?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following correlation coefficients represents...

Question 5

An observed score is comprised of the

Accepted Answer

An observed score is the sum of the true score (the score a participant would get if there were no error in the measurement process) and measurement error (which is comprised of method error and trait error). Therefore, the best choice is A. Choice B and C are incorrect because they do not account for all sources of error in the measurement process, and choice D only includes measurement error, excluding the true score.

Question 6

Stability over time is to _____ reliability and equivalency of items is to _____ reliability.

Accepted Answer

Stability over time refers to the consistency of test scores over time, and this type of reliability is assessed through test/retest. On the other hand, item equivalence or consistency between different forms of a test is assessed through split-half reliability. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Question 7

_____ is an indication of the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument.

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument, which means that it yields similar results under consistent conditions. Validity, on the other hand, refers to the accuracy of the measuring instrument in measuring what it is intended to measure. The true score is the hypothetical score that an individual would receive if the measurement were completely error-free. Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Hence, the best choice for this question is B - reliability.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral self-report measures ask individuals to report how often they perform certain behaviors, such as frequency of exercise or smoking habits. A is incorrect as behavioral measures focus on observable behaviors, while self-report measures rely on individual's self-reported thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. B is incorrect as self-report measures rely on individuals' reports of their own behaviors, while physical measures generally refer to objective measures such as blood pressure, heart rate, or body mass index. C is also incorrect as physical measures assess individuals' abilities or performance, rather than measuring attitudes or behaviors.

Question 9

_____ reliability is determined by correlating scores on one half of a measure with scores on the other half of the measure.

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability involves dividing a test into two halves and correlating the scores on each half to determine the consistency of the test. The other options listed - test/retest, alternate-forms, and interrater reliability - involve different methods of assessing reliability.

Question 10

Sara decided to have participants in her study of the relationship between diet and weight keep a journal of everything they ate each day.The type of measurement that Sara is employing is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

Keeping a journal of everything one eats is a form of self-report measure, specifically a behavioral self-report measure, as it relies on participants' reports of their own behavior.

Question 11

If observers disagree 20 times out of 80,then the interrater reliability is

Accepted Answer

Interrater reliability is the degree to which different observers agree with each other. It is generally expressed as a proportion or a percentage. In this case, the proportion of disagreements is 20/80 = 0.25, which means that the observers agree 75% of the time. Therefore, the interrater reliability is 75%, or choice B.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a type of reliability?

Accepted Answer

Criterion validity is a type of validity, not reliability. The other options listed are all types of reliability.

Question 13

Correlation coefficients can vary between

Accepted Answer

Correlation coefficients measure the degree of relationship between two variables on a scale that ranges from -1.00 to +1.00, with -1.00 indicating a perfect negative correlation, 0.00 indicating no correlation, and +1.00 indicating a perfect positive correlation. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer as it contains the full range of possible correlation coefficients.

Question 14

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the weakest degree of relationship?

Accepted Answer

The correlation coefficient +.10 represents the weakest degree of relationship as it is closest to zero, indicating a very weak correlation between the variables.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Test/retest reliability is determined by administering the same test on two different occasions and assessing the degree of relationship between the scores obtained. Option A refers to alternate forms reliability, option B refers to split-half reliability, and option D refers to interrater reliability.

Question 16

An inverse relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other,and vice versa is

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation represents an inverse relationship between two variables, where an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other, and vice versa.

Question 17

A direct relationship between two variables in which an increase in one is related to an increase in the other,and a decrease in one is related to a decrease in the other is

Accepted Answer

A positive correlation is a direct relationship between two variables in which an increase in one is related to an increase in the other, and a decrease in one is related to a decrease in the other.

Question 18

_____ reliability is determined by assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on two different occasions.

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability measures the consistency of results when the same test is administered on two different occasions to the same group of people.

Question 19

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the highest (best)reliability score?

Accepted Answer

The highest (best) reliability score is indicated by a correlation coefficient that is closest to +1. Therefore, option C (+.69) represents the highest reliability score.

Question 20

If observers agree 40 times out of 60,then the interrater reliability is

Accepted Answer

To calculate interrater reliability, we use the formula (agreements / total observations). Therefore, (40 / 60) = 0.67 or 67%. The possible range of interrater reliability scores is 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating greater agreement between observers. A score of 0.67 indicates moderate agreement, which is still meaningful depending on the context of the observations.

Quiz 3: Defining, measuring, and Manipulating Variables

A blood pressure reading is to a _ measure as observing how many patrons in a fast food restaurant take advantage of free drink refills is to a __ measure.