Question 1

In the classic study of using analogies to aid in problems,Gick and Holyoak (1983)found that only one condition was successful in triggering participants to notice and successfully apply an analogy.Which condition was it?

Accepted Answer

Gick and Holyoak found that participants were most successful in applying an analogy when they were given a source problem and a statement of the underlying general principle. This suggests that providing participants with a clear understanding of the general principle underlying the analogy is crucial in facilitating analogical reasoning.

Question 2

Which of these is not a difference between the way experts and novices go about solving a problem?

Accepted Answer

All of the other options are differences between the way experts and novices solve problems, but experts and novices may both work forward or backward depending on the problem and their individual problem-solving strategies.

Question 3

A finding regarding medical expertise indicates that those at an intermediate level of knowledge actually remember more information than do experts.This is called the

Accepted Answer

The finding described is known as the intermediate effect, as individuals with intermediate levels of knowledge tend to remember more information than both novices and experts. This may be because experts have acquired so much knowledge that they become overloaded with information and may struggle to recall everything accurately.

Question 4

Research on the ability to see and apply analogies between the "radiation problem" (tumor problem)and the attack problem indicates that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on the ability to see and...

Question 5

Chase and Simon (1973)performed a classic investigation of memory for pieces on a chessboard,comparing experts and novices on their ability to quickly apprehend and later remember chess piece configurations as set up on a chessboard.They compared situations in which the pieces were in a random configuration to situations in which the pieces were in a game configuration.What did they find?

Accepted Answer

Chase and Simon (1973) found that experts remembered the pieces and their arrangements better than novices, but only in the game configuration condition. In the random configuration condition, experts did not perform significantly better than novices.

Question 6

Means-end analysis is basically a fancy term for

Accepted Answer

Means-end analysis involves breaking down a problem into subgoals and developing plans to achieve each subgoal, eventually leading to the overall solution. The other options (B, C, and D) involve different problem-solving techniques.

Question 7

Castel,McCabe,Roediger,and Heitman (2007)investigated whether experts might be more or less susceptible than novices to the DRM memory illusion.They tested people who were more and less knowledgeable about and found that experts were

Accepted Answer

Experts in a specific domain (in this case, football) were found to be more likely than novices to falsely recall items related to their area of expertise, demonstrating the DRM memory illusion.

Question 8

According to skilled-memory theory,

Accepted Answer

Skilled-memory theory proposes that experts have more richly elaborated semantic networks relevant to the domain than do novices. This means that experts have more organized and interconnected knowledge structures in their long-term memory, which allows them to retrieve relevant information more efficiently and effectively. This is supported by research showing that experts demonstrate superior memory performance for domain-specific information compared to novices.

Question 9

According to the mere effort account of the stereotype threat effect,invoking a stereotype

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the mere effort account of...

Question 10

Wallas (1926)proposed a four-stage model of the creative process,which includes all of the following stages except

Accepted Answer

Wallas' four-stage model of the creative process includes preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. None of these stages are related to encoding.

Question 11

One oft-cited estimate is that it takes ______ years of continuous effort to develop expertise in some domain.

Accepted Answer

The "10,000-Hour Rule" popularized by Malcolm Gladwell in his book "Outliers" suggests that it takes roughly 10 years of deliberate practice to achieve mastery in a field.

Question 12

Catrambone,Craig,and Nersessian (2006)tested the possible role of analogy in aiding problem solving by adding an enactment condition in which participants manipulated blocks to process the analogy.What happened in this study?

Accepted Answer

The enactment condition, where participants physically manipulated blocks to process the analogy, was found to be superior in aiding problem solving compared to both the sketch and verbal conditions. This suggests that physical interaction with materials can enhance understanding and application of analogies in problem solving.

Question 13

Pretz (2008)compared the two modes of reasoning proposed by the dual-process approach,terming them intuition and analysis.She looked at the role they played in solving problems about and found that

Accepted Answer

Pretz (2008) found that in the context of college performance, less-experienced students solved problems more easily when given intuitive instructions rather than analytic instructions.

Question 14

In applying the dual-process view of reasoning to problem solving,most would agree that

Accepted Answer

The answer of In applying the dual-process view of reasoning...

Question 15

Algorithm is to heuristic as _____ is to

Accepted Answer

Algorithms are systematic, step-by-step procedures used for calculations, data processing, and automated reasoning, much like the processes computers use. Heuristics, on the other hand, are more like rules of thumb or educated guesses based on experience, akin to the decision-making processes humans often use.

Question 16

Using problems that have already been solved as aids for representing and solving the problem currently being faced is called

Accepted Answer

Reasoning by analogy involves using previously solved problems as a guide for solving a new problem that is similar in some way. It helps to identify common patterns and solutions that can be applied to the current problem. Algorithms refer to a specific set of steps or procedures for solving a problem. Means-end analysis is a problem-solving strategy that involves identifying the end goal and breaking it down into smaller subgoals. Working backward involves starting with the desired outcome and working backwards to identify the steps needed to reach that outcome. While these may be useful problem-solving strategies, reasoning by analogy is the most appropriate choice for the given question.

Question 17

Which of these processes is not necessary for the successful use of analogies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these processes is not necessary...

Question 18

The vastness of problem space associated with many problems

Accepted Answer

The vastness of problem space associated with many problems often makes algorithms impractical for solving them. While algorithms can be effective in addressing specific types of problems, there are many problems that are simply too complex and multifaceted for simple algorithms to solve. As a result, problem solvers often need to use more flexible and creative approaches to address these types of problems.

Question 19

Nunes and Kramer (2009)investigated whether age-related declines in certain aspects of performance (e.g. ,speed,multitasking)are offset by experience.What did they find?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nunes and Kramer (2009)investigated whether age-related declines...

Question 20

Surface features are to structural features as ______ is to

Accepted Answer

Surface features and structural features are two components of language that relate to the surface structure and deep structure of sentences. Therefore, the best option is B, which connects surface structure with structural features. The other choices are not relevant to the relationship between these two components of language.

Quiz 12: Problem Solving

In the classic study of using analogies to aid in problems,Gick and Holyoak (1983) found that only one condition was successful in triggering participants to notice and successfully apply an analogy.Which condition was it?

Which of these is not a difference between the way experts and novices go about solving a problem?

A finding regarding medical expertise indicates that those at an intermediate level of knowledge actually remember more information than do experts.This is called the

Research on the ability to see and apply analogies between the "radiation problem" (tumor problem) and the attack problem indicates that

Means-end analysis is basically a fancy term for

Castel,McCabe,Roediger,and Heitman (2007) investigated whether experts might be more or less susceptible than novices to the DRM memory illusion.They tested people who were more and less knowledgeable about and found that experts were

According to skilled-memory theory,

According to the mere effort account of the stereotype threat effect,invoking a stereotype

Wallas (1926) proposed a four-stage model of the creative process,which includes all of the following stages except