Question 1

Week after week, Solomon watched his favorite TV show. He never planned to memorize the characters' names and he never took any steps to memorize them. Nonetheless, he soon knew them all. This sort of learning is called

Accepted Answer

Solomon's memorization of the characters' names was not intentional or elaborative, but rather incidental, meaning it occurred without him actively intending to learn them.

Question 2

Which of the following groups is MOST likely to remember the material they are studying?

Accepted Answer

Group 4 is likely to remember the material better because they are engaging in deeper processing by trying to understand the relationships between the words, which enhances memory retention.

Question 3

The central executive is NOT

Accepted Answer

The central executive is usually described as multipurpose, reliant on "helpers" (such as the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad), and akin to executive control. However, it is not task-specific, meaning that it is not tailored to a particular type of task or cognitive process. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer.

Question 4

Several researchers have compared brain activity during the learning process for words that were later remembered or forgotten. Which of the following is NOT consistent with their findings?

Accepted Answer

The finding that exposure to an item is enough for retention is not consistent with the research on brain activity during the learning process. In fact, the research suggests that increased activity in specific areas of the brain (such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) is associated with better retention, indicating that the learning process is not a passive one.

Question 5

The intention to learn new material

Accepted Answer

The answer of The intention to learn new material
...

Question 6

As a general rule, the intention to learn

Accepted Answer

Intention to learn has an indirect effect on learning, as it influences the learner's motivation, attention, and engagement, which in turn can impact the effectiveness of learning strategies and retention of information. However, it does not necessarily cause all people to adopt the same memory strategies, as individuals have different learning styles and preferences. Therefore, option B and C are not accurate, and option A is incorrect as incidental learning is generally less effective than intentional learning, especially for complex material.

Question 7

Which of the following exemplifies the memory effects of repeated exposure without intention to remember?

Accepted Answer

This exemplifies the memory effects of repeated exposure without intention to remember because Irv sees his wristwatch frequently but does not consciously try to remember its appearance, resulting in difficulty recalling it later.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a question that leads to deep processing?

Accepted Answer

Asking for the meaning of a word requires the individual to not only recall the definition but to also think about how it relates to other words and concepts they already know. This involves a deeper level of processing compared to the other options which only require basic recall or identification.

Question 9

The strategy of maintenance rehearsal involves

Accepted Answer

The strategy of maintenance rehearsal involves the repetition of the items to be remembered, with little attention paid to what the items mean. This type of rehearsal helps to keep information in short-term memory for a brief period of time but is not effective for long-term memory retention.

Question 10

The helper that stores visual materials is called the

Accepted Answer

The visuospatial buffer is the helper that stores visual materials in working memory.

Question 11

A helpful analogy for the encoding and retrieval process in long-term memory is

Accepted Answer

Cataloguing is the best choice because it accurately reflects the way information is stored and later retrieved from long-term memory. Just as a library catalogues books by assigning them unique identifiers, such as call numbers or barcodes, our brains "catalogue" memories by associating them with various cues, such as smells, sounds, or other sensory details. When we later try to recall a memory, we search our mental catalog for the relevant cues and use them to retrieve the memory from storage.

Question 12

Based on the composite depth of processing data presented in this book, how does the intention to memorize influence how well we learn?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on the composite depth of processing...

Question 13

The operation span of working memory measures the

Accepted Answer

The answer of The operation span of working memory measures...

Question 14

Within working memory, "helpers" like the visuospatial buffer and articulatory rehearsal loop

Accepted Answer

The visuospatial buffer and articulatory rehearsal loop act as short-term storage systems for information that is likely to be needed soon by the central executive, which controls attention and decision-making. These helpers do not take over the analyses performed by the central executive and do not preserve the initial sensory form of the information in working memory. While the articulatory loop can provide verbal repetition of information, the visuospatial buffer can provide visual analysis as well.

Question 15

Peter has a higher working memory capacity than Josh. Given previous correlational evidence, who would you expect performs better on intelligence tests?

Accepted Answer

Based on previous correlational evidence, higher working memory capacity has been found to be positively correlated with higher intelligence test scores. Therefore, we would expect Peter, who has a higher working memory capacity, to perform better on intelligence tests than Josh.

Question 16

Data indicate that, all things being equal, recall performance will be BEST if materials are encoded with _____ processing.

Accepted Answer

Deep processing involves making meaningful connections and associations with information being encoded, which leads to better retention and retrieval of that information. Shallow processing focuses on surface-level characteristics and sensory features, which may not be as useful for long-term memory. Intermediate processing falls between shallow and deep processing, and may not be as effective as deep processing alone. Therefore, deep processing is the best choice for optimal recall performance.

Question 17

You are watching TV when a commercial advertising a new pizza place in town comes on. You decide you want pizza and try to memorize the phone number given in the commercial. Just as you are about to dial, your cell phone rings and you talk on the phone for a few minutes. What is MOST likely to happen after you finish your call?

Accepted Answer

The interruption of the phone call likely caused you to forget the new pizza place's phone number due to the limitations of short-term memory.

Question 18

Participants in an experiment were asked to keep track of the most recent word they had heard that started with a "G." Therefore, participants should report "gravy" after hearing the sequence "girl, grump, hat, scissors, whistle, pen, radio, bed, foot, glass, lantern, gravy." Later, participants are asked to report back all the "G " words they heard. Then we would expect

Accepted Answer

The situation described invites maintenance rehearsal, which is a shallow form of processing that does not facilitate long-term memory retention. Participants were only asked to focus on the initial letter, and thus did not engage in deeper processing that would promote better recall. As a result, they are likely to have poor recollection of all the "G" words they heard.

Question 19

For most recall tests, the transfer of items into long-term storage is BEST facilitated by _____ rehearsal.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves encoding information by linking it to other previously stored information in long-term memory, making it more likely to be transferred into long-term storage. This is more effective than maintenance rehearsal, which involves simply repeating the information without any meaningful elaboration. Recency and primacy effects refer to the order in which items are presented in a list and their likelihood of being remembered immediately after presentation. They do not directly relate to the transfer of information into long-term storage.

Question 20

When using the digit-span task, the capacity of working memory is estimated to be

Accepted Answer

The digit-span task is typically used to estimate the capacity of working memory, and it is found that individuals can typically remember about seven digits (plus or minus two) in the task, suggesting that the capacity of working memory is approximately seven chunks.

Quiz 5: The Acquisition of Memories and the Working-Memory System