Question 1

Explain why fast-twitch fibers "prefer" to use anaerobic respiration rather than aerobic respiration even though aerobic respiration is about 20 times more efficient in terms of ATP produced per glucose molecule?

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Question 2

Why is aerobic exercise one of the best ways to lose weight by decreasing the body's fat content?

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Question 3

Which mitochondrial genes when mutated or experiencing deletions cause the most serious disorders?

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Question 4

What treatments have been tried to help ALD patients?

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Question 5

What happens to the mtDNA of mice that are homozygous for the mutant gene called Polg? How do the "mutator" mice differ from their normal littermates? How do mice that are heterozygous for the Polg mutation differ from those that are homozygous for the Polg mutation? What should have happened to the life span of mice heterozygous for the Polg gene,if mtDNA mutations were a major contributor to the normal aging process? What do the above results of studies of the Polg mutation suggest about the relationship between mtDNA mutations and premature aging in animals?

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Question 6

Which muscles would contain more fast-twitch fibers,arm muscles or the postural muscles of the back?

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Question 7

Why does the DNA in mitochondria exhibit about 10 times the mutation rate seen in nuclear DNA and what is the possible effect of this on disease processes?

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Question 8

What causes Zellweger's syndrome? What do the peroxisomes of ZS patients look like?

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Question 9

What is the basis of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)and other similar diseases?

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Question 10

A muscle cell is obtained and studied with electron microscopy.The study reveals that it has very few mitochondria.What kind of muscle fiber is it?

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Question 11

A patient who has abnormal mitochondria has the following symptoms: long-term fatigue and muscle weakness,elevated metabolic rate and body temperature.Studies indicate that the mitochondria have been released from their normal respiratory control.How does this explain the elevated temperature? Why are most disorders that have been traced to mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by degeneration of muscle or brain tissue? What are the characteristics of some of the conditions that result from dysfunctional mitochondria?

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Question 12

In the early 1980s,a number of young drug addicts showed up in hospitals with the sudden onset of severe muscular tremors that are characteristic of advanced Parkinson's disease (PD)in elderly adults.What caused these PD-like symptoms in such young people? How were the cells of the substantia nigra in PD patients similar to those in the substantia nigra of MPTP patients? What are some possible environmental causes of PD?

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Question 13

What is unique about the inheritance of mitochondrial disorders? What word describes the mixture of wild-type and mutant mitochondrial DNA found in the mitochondria of a cell?

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Question 14

Why do your muscles hurt for some time after a large amount of anaerobic exercise?

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Question 15

What is meant by aerobic exercise?

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Quiz 5: Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion