Question 1

Which part of this figure shows a clone of memory cells?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which part of this figure shows a...

Question 2

What event could have led to the situation shown in the accompanying figure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What event could have led to the...

Question 3

Which of the following describes a complete defense system?

Accepted Answer

A complete defense system should include both innate and adaptive immune responses. Option B includes antibodies of the adaptive humoral immune response and components of innate immunity, providing a comprehensive defense system. Options A, C, and D do not include all necessary components.

Question 4

The second vaccination is beneficial because it

Accepted Answer

The second vaccination stimulates the production of a higher concentration of antibodies in the bloodstream compared to the first vaccination. This is because the body has already been exposed to the vaccine antigen and is able to mount a stronger immune response upon re-exposure.

Question 5

Before traveling to different countries, you may be vaccinated against diseases that you may not normally encounter in your home country. Suppose that you are going to travel to a country that experiences a smallpox outbreak. While you have traveled to this country in the past and thus have received smallpox vaccine, you are required to get a second smallpox vaccine in order to fully protect you from smallpox.
-The first vaccination provides immunity because

Accepted Answer

The first vaccination provides immunity because antigenic determinants in the vaccine activate B cells, which form memory cells. These memory cells can recognize and respond to the smallpox virus if encountered in the future, providing immunity. The other options are incorrect: A) a localized inflammatory response is initiated is true, but it is not the mechanism by which immunity is achieved. B) the vaccine does not contain manufactured antibodies against smallpox; rather, it contains weakened or dead virus particles or proteins to stimulate the immune system. D) the vaccine does not contain antibiotics or other drugs that kill the smallpox virus; rather, it stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response.

Question 6

Which of the possible following results would support the hypothesis that higher anti-HPV antibody levels are correlated with increased protection from HPV-related cancers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the possible following results would...

Question 7

Herd immunity fails if at least what percentage of a population is unvaccinated?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Herd immunity fails if at least what...

Question 8

A physician diagnoses a patient with a bacterial infection and determines that the patient is not immune to the bacteria. He delivers a shot of blood plasma that contains antibodies to his patient. The physician is transferring

Accepted Answer

The physician is transferring blood plasma that contains antibodies, which is part of the humoral immune response. The humoral immune response involves the production of antibodies by B cells to fight against specific pathogens.

Question 9

Suppose that a person encountered two different antigens at about the same time which initiated two different immune responses (shown in the accompanying figure). What can you conclude from these data?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that a person encountered two different...

Question 10

You have been running a high fever, have stomach cramps, and have felt weak and disoriented for 5 days, so you set up an appointment with your physician. After asking you a few questions, she starts a physical examination by probing for swollen areas in your abdomen. You immediately sense that she is looking for

Accepted Answer

The physician is probing for swollen areas in the abdomen, which can indicate enlarged lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are part of the immune system and can become swollen when fighting an infection, which could explain the symptoms the patient is experiencing. Histamines, antibodies, and antigens would not be detected through this type of physical examination.

Question 11

Where is the antigen-binding site of this antibody?

Accepted Answer

The antigen-binding site of an antibody is located in the variable regions of the heavy and light chains, also known as the Fab region. Site A on the antibody structure in the given code corresponds to the Fab region, which is the site where the antigen-binding site is located.

Question 12

Scientists measured whether individuals who had been vaccinated with anti-HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) had detectable levels of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood many years after receiving the vaccines. The data are shown here. Based only on these data, which of the following policy recommendations would you make to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (the agency that sets vaccination schedules) regarding anti-HPV vaccines?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Scientists measured whether individuals who had been...

Question 13

Which of the following are antigens? 1. toxins
2) chemicals
3) foreign particles (for example, splinters)
4) drugs

Accepted Answer

Antigens are substances that can induce an immune response in the body. This includes toxins, chemicals, foreign particles (like splinters), and drugs, as they can all be recognized by the immune system as foreign, triggering an immune response.

Question 14

Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). You work with an oncologist to determine if the study participants have an HPV-related cancer, and you also measure the concentration of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood. Answer the following questions regarding this study.After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
HPV is an infection that is normally fought by the human immune system, but it can lead to cancer in some individuals. While we already know that HPV vaccines help prevent HPV-related cancer, researchers are unsure as to what level of antibody concentration a person needs in order to be protected from HPV-related cancers. Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels may provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels. However, strong evidence does not yet exist to support this hypothesis.
-From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the experimental group in your study.

Accepted Answer

The best participants for the experimental group in a study investigating the relationship between anti-HPV antibody levels and protection from HPV-related cancers would be individuals who have been vaccinated against HPV, as the hypothesis concerns the level of antibody concentration needed for protection against HPV-related cancers. Vaccinated individuals, regardless of gender, would have varying levels of anti-HPV antibodies due to the vaccine, making them ideal for examining the correlation between antibody levels and cancer protection.

Question 15

Suppose you design a study to test this hypothesis. Your study participants are adults between the ages of 25 and 40 (mean age = 32). You work with an oncologist to determine if the study participants have an HPV-related cancer, and you also measure the concentration of anti-HPV antibodies in their blood. Answer the following questions regarding this study.After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
HPV is an infection that is normally fought by the human immune system, but it can lead to cancer in some individuals. While we already know that HPV vaccines help prevent HPV-related cancer, researchers are unsure as to what level of antibody concentration a person needs in order to be protected from HPV-related cancers. Scientists hypothesize that higher anti-HPV antibody levels may provide greater protection from HPV-related cancers compared to lower levels. However, strong evidence does not yet exist to support this hypothesis.
-From the following choices, select the groups of individuals who would make the best participants for the control group in your study.

Accepted Answer

The control group should be composed of individuals who are not vaccinated against HPV to establish a baseline level of anti-HPV antibodies for individuals who have not received the vaccine. Therefore, group D, which consists of unvaccinated adult males and females, would be the best choice for the control group.

Question 16

Suppose that a person has a mutation in a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for the production of histamine. In this person, mast cells cannot produce and secrete histamine. Which of the following outcomes is most likely to happen if an injury occurs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that a person has a mutation...

Quiz 24: The Immune System