Question 1

_________ is an example of a drug that was approved too early,before potential side effects could adequately be explored.

Accepted Answer

Thalidomide was approved in the 1950s as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women without proper testing for its safety. It was later found to cause severe birth defects in thousands of babies, leading to its withdrawal from the market. This tragedy led to new regulations for drug testing and approval. The other options (AZT, penicillin, and Prozac) went through extensive testing and were deemed safe and effective before being approved.

Question 2

How long does the first step in new drug development--initial synthesis and preclinical trials--typically take?

Accepted Answer

Initial synthesis and preclinical trials typically involve designing and synthesizing the new drug compound, followed by testing it for safety and efficacy in laboratory and animal models. This process can take anywhere from 1 to 3 years, as multiple rounds of testing and optimization are often required to identify promising drug candidates that can move on to the next stage of development.

Question 3

Which of the following is true of generic drugs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 4

Which of the following is true regarding a drug's generic name?

Accepted Answer

A drug's generic name is a shortened version of its chemical name, which is often too complicated for common usage.

Question 5

How long does the post-marketing testing of a new drug take?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How long does the post-marketing testing of...

Question 6

Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug,but not to others.

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is specific to certain effects of a drug and may not occur for all of them. For example, tolerance may develop to the euphoric effects of a drug, but not to its respiratory depressant effects.

Question 7

Subjects in Phase 1 of clinical trials on humans during new drug development typically include __________.

Accepted Answer

Phase 1 clinical trials typically involve a small number of healthy volunteers (around 20-100) to test for safety, dosage, and potential side effects of the new drug.

Question 8

Because a heavier person has more blood and other body fluids than a lighter person,the same drug dose has more of an effect on the heavier person.

Accepted Answer

A heavier person generally has a larger volume of distribution for drugs, which means a given dose may actually have less of an effect on them compared to a lighter person, as the drug is distributed across a larger volume of body fluids and tissues.

Question 9

Reacquisition of tolerance following an extended period of abstinence takes as long as when tolerance to the drug was initially developed.

Accepted Answer

Reacquisition of tolerance often occurs more quickly than the initial development of tolerance, as the body can "remember" previous exposures to the substance, leading to a faster adaptation.

Question 10

According to the Stress Response Dampening model,individuals who have had a stressful drug or alcohol experience are less likely to abuse drugs or alcohol.

Accepted Answer

The Stress Response Dampening model suggests that individuals may use drugs or alcohol to reduce stress, implying that those experiencing stress might be more likely to abuse substances as a coping mechanism, rather than being deterred by stressful experiences with these substances.

Question 11

A drug's __________ name indicates the drug's structural formula.

Accepted Answer

A drug's chemical name is based on its molecular structure and can be used to identify the exact composition and arrangement of atoms in the drug molecule.

Question 12

What can be concluded from the results of the 1993 Concorde study?

Accepted Answer

The 1993 Concorde study did not provide evidence that the clinical trials process in drug testing should be dramatically reduced or that it is only necessary for certain drugs. The study instead showed that the clinical trials process will continue to take a substantial period of time in order to ensure the safety and efficacy of new drugs.

Question 13

Marijuana is a drug whose pharmacological effects far outweigh the influence of expectancies.

Accepted Answer

While people's expectations and beliefs about marijuana use can certainly impact their experience with the drug, its pharmacological effects (i.e. the way it interacts with the body and brain) also play a significant role in its effects. Therefore, both factors contribute to the overall experience of using marijuana.

Question 14

The elderly are more sensitive to drug effects because their enzyme systems may be impaired,resulting in increased duration of drug action.

Accepted Answer

As people age, their ability to metabolize drugs decreases, leading to decreased enzyme activity, decreased renal function, and decreased absorption. These changes can result in an increased duration of action or increased risk of adverse drug reactions.

Question 15

Expectancy effects are most prominent with behaviors or emotions that society proscribes from free expression.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy effects refer to the phenomenon in which an individual's behavior is influenced by the expectations of others. These effects are most prominent with behaviors or emotions that society proscribes from free expression, such as aggression, prejudice, and sexual expression.

Question 16

As of 2007,generic drugs account for ______ of the prescription drugs that are dispensed in the U.S.

Accepted Answer

According to the information given in the question, as of 2007, generic drugs account for 60% of the prescription drugs that are dispensed in the U.S. Therefore, the correct choice is C, which is the option that represents 60%.

Question 17

Research subjects who drank in the company of others were more likely to report about physical changes related to drinking than were subjects who drank alone.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research subjects who drank in the company...

Question 18

Research has indicated that men and women who have developed substance use disorders may be distinguished from people who did not on the basis of personality characteristics predating the substance abuse.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that certain personality traits, such as impulsiveness, sensation-seeking, and low levels of conscientiousness, may predispose individuals to developing substance use disorders.

Question 19

What is the first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug?

Accepted Answer

The first stage in the FDA's guidelines for the testing and marketing of a drug is the belief that a particular compound has clinical value. This is the stage where drug companies and researchers identify a potential compound that may have therapeutic benefits and start initial investigations to explore its potential use as a drug. Animal trials, experimental studies with healthy volunteers, and experimental studies with clinical patients all come later in the drug development process.

Question 20

Cell adaptation theory assumes that a drug's action occurs on specific cells in the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Cell adaptation theory proposes that a drug's effects occur on specific cells in the central nervous system, leading to adaptation of those cells over time. This theory is supported by research on the neural mechanisms of drug addiction and tolerance.

Quiz 5: Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development