Question 1

Milgram surveyed both a panel of Yale undergraduates and a panel of psychology professors before he conducted his original experiment.In these surveys,he found that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Milgram surveyed both a panel of Yale...

Question 2

Milgram found that about ____ percent of his participants went all the way to 450 volts in his original experiment.

Accepted Answer

Milgram found that approximately 65% of his participants went all the way to 450 volts in his original experiment.

Question 3

In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007),several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.Feedback about how much energy they used relative to their neighbors provided participants with ____.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive norms refer to perceptions of how people actually behave in a given situation, which in this case is the feedback on energy consumption relative to neighbors.

Question 4

The atrocities your text mentions,including the My Lai massacre and genocides (particularly in Nazi Germany),are most likely due to

Accepted Answer

The atrocities mentioned in the text, particularly the My Lai massacre and genocides, are often attributed to obedience to authority. In these situations, individuals may have been following orders or complying with the laws and societal norms of their respective governments or organizations, even if those orders or laws were cruel, unjust or unethical. This phenomenon is known as "obedience to authority," and has been studied extensively by psychologists, particularly in the famous Milgram experiments where volunteers were ordered to administer electric shocks to individuals as part of a supposed memory test. Overall, it is often a combination of complex social, cultural, and psychological factors that lead to atrocities, but obedience to authority is a significant contributor.

Question 5

Based on the field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007),in which several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors,if you wanted to encourage people to use less electricity,what would you do?

Accepted Answer

The field study conducted by Shultz and his colleagues found that providing households with feedback in the form of smiley or sad faces based on their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors was effective in encouraging them to use less electricity. This suggests that providing visual and emotive cues can be a highly motivating factor in changing behavior. Options A and B may be useful in providing information and education about energy conservation, but may not necessarily be effective in changing behavior. Option D, while potentially motivating, may not be feasible for all households or sustainable in the long run. Therefore, option C is the best choice for encouraging people to use less electricity.

Question 6

In all likelihood,participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments (conducted in the 1960s and 1970s)were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because they were concerned that the experimenter would be disappointed or perhaps even angry with them.Such concerns reflect the power of ________ to induce obedience to authority.

Accepted Answer

Normative social influence refers to the pressure to conform to the expectations of others in order to gain their approval or avoid their disapproval. In the Milgram experiment, participants were likely motivated by the fear of disappointing or angering the experimenter, leading them to obey even when it meant administering increasingly severe shocks to the learner. This suggests that normative social influence played a significant role in their obedience.

Question 7

In a famous social psychological experiment,participants were led to believe they were to deliver electric shocks of increasing potency to a "learner" for a memorization task.Participants were encouraged to continue even though the learner was clearly in pain,and most participants,in fact,did continue shocking the learner.What famous study is this describing?

Accepted Answer

The experiment described is commonly referred to as Milgram's studies of obedience, in which participants were instructed by an authority figure to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a learner, even though they believed the shocks were real and the learner was in obvious distress. The study demonstrated the powerful influence of situational factors on behavior, and remains a classic example of social influence and obedience.

Question 8

In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007),several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.Some households received only descriptive norm feedback,and some received descriptive and injunctive norm feedback.Which method of feedback was most effective in producing energy conservation?

Accepted Answer

The study found that households who received both descriptive and injunctive norm feedback reduced their energy consumption by an average of 2.7% more than households who only received descriptive norm feedback. This suggests that emphasizing both what is typical behavior (descriptive norm) and what is expected behavior (injunctive norm) can have a greater impact on promoting energy conservation.

Question 9

According to the authors of your text,the actions of Adolf Eichmann,the Nazi official responsible for transporting Jews to death camps,can best be described as

Accepted Answer

The authors of the text argue that Eichmann's actions can be best described as those of an ordinary man in an extraordinary circumstance. They suggest that it was not his individual evil or malice that led him to commit atrocities, but rather the normalization of these actions within the wider context of Nazi ideology and societal norms. Eichmann, they argue, was simply carrying out orders and fulfilling his duties within this context, rather than being a uniquely evil or sinister figure.

Question 10

It is likely that participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments (conducted in the 1960s and 1970s)were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because when confronted with a confusing,unfamiliar,and upsetting situation,they would turn to the experimenter for cues as to how to proceed.This speculation in essence identifies ____ as a source of participants' destructive obedience.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that the participants were looking for cues on how to proceed in an unfamiliar situation, indicating that they were under the influence of informational social influence. This refers to the tendency to conform to the opinions or behaviors of others because we believe they have more knowledge or expertise in the situation. The other choices are not supported by the statement; social norms and normative social influence refer to the pressure to conform to the expectations of one's social group, while latent sadism is not mentioned in the statement as a reason for obedience.

Question 11

Given the role of informational and normative social influence processes in contributing to participants' willingness to shock a confederate learner ,which of the following situations would yield the least obedience?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given the role of informational and normative...

Question 12

In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007),several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.In one condition of the study,participants also received feedback based on injunctive norms.How did the researchers manipulate the injunctive norm?

Accepted Answer

The researchers manipulated the injunctive norm by adding a smiley face if the household's energy consumption was below the neighborhood average, and a sad face if it was above, indicating social approval or disapproval.

Question 13

In a variation on his original experiment,Milgram had the experimenter leave the room after telling participants that they could deliver whatever level of shock they chose.After the experimenter left,a confederate suggested that the participant increase the shock by one level each time the learner made a mistake.In this variation,only about 20 percent of participants went to the highest shock level.The fact that the authority figure's presence made much more of a difference than that of a peer suggests the role of

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a variation on his original experiment,Milgram...

Question 14

In an alternative version of his original experiment,Stanley Milgram used two experimenters,who began to disagree with each other when the participants administered 150 volts and the learner began to complain.In this variation,participants refused to continue.According to the authors of your text,this variation demonstrates the importance of ____ in influencing obedience.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an alternative version of his original...

Question 15

Which of the following types of conformity pressures induced most of the participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience studies (Milgram,1974)to deliver escalating and life-threatening shocks to an innocent learner?

Accepted Answer

Both informational and normative social influence were the most influential conformity pressures in Milgram's obedience studies. Informational influence occurs when people look to others for information about how to behave in an ambiguous situation, while normative influence occurs when people conform to the expectations of others in order to be accepted or avoid rejection.

Question 16

Based on your text,which of the following is the best example of obedience to authority based on normative social influence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on your text,which of the following...

Question 17

Which of the following variations of Stanley Milgram's (1963)original obedience experiment provides the strongest evidence of the operation of normative conformity when participants administer electric shocks to a confederate learner?

Accepted Answer

When another confederate refuses to continue, it demonstrates normative conformity as participants are influenced by the behavior of others, showing a decrease in obedience due to social pressure to conform to the group's behavior.

Question 18

In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007),several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.How are these results being applied?

Accepted Answer

The field study found that giving households weekly feedback about their energy consumption relative to their neighbors led to a decrease in energy consumption. As a result, some utility companies are now implementing similar strategies by putting a visual indicator, such as a smiley or sad face, on customers' bills to show how their energy consumption compares to others in their area. This serves as a reminder to customers to conserve energy and can lead to reduced energy consumption overall.

Question 19

Results from Milgram's study,in which participants were led to believe that they were being asked to shock another person at lethal levels,suggest that

Accepted Answer

Milgram's study showed that people are willing to obey authority even when it contradicts their personal values and beliefs. This suggests that obedience to authority is a powerful force that can override individual conscience and morality. It does not necessarily suggest that people are sadistic or have strong aggressive impulses, as those factors were not directly measured in the study. The study also did not involve financial incentives, so it is not accurate to say that people are willing to do anything for money.

Question 20

Recall that Stanley Milgram conducted a variation on his original obedience experiment.In this variation,there were two confederates in addition to the participant.When the participant threw the switch at 150 volts,one of the confederates refused to continue,even though the experimenter commanded him or her to do so.In this variation,only about 10 percent (compared to about 65 percent in the original study)went to the highest shock level.This experimental variation demonstrated the power of ____ in eliciting obedience.

Accepted Answer

The experimental variation demonstrated the power of normative social influence. The confederate who refused to continue created a normative pressure that it was not acceptable to continue administering shocks, even if the experimenter commanded it. This had a significant impact on reducing obedience rates compared to the original study, where there was no normative pressure to resist.

Quiz 8: Conformity: Influencing Behavior

Milgram surveyed both a panel of Yale undergraduates and a panel of psychology professors before he conducted his original experiment.In these surveys,he found that

Milgram found that about ____ percent of his participants went all the way to 450 volts in his original experiment.

In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007) ,several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.Feedback about how much energy they used relative to their neighbors provided participants with ____.

The atrocities your text mentions,including the My Lai massacre and genocides (particularly in Nazi Germany) ,are most likely due to

Based on the field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007) ,in which several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors,if you wanted to encourage people to use less electricity,what would you do?

According to the authors of your text,the actions of Adolf Eichmann,the Nazi official responsible for transporting Jews to death camps,can best be described as

Given the role of informational and normative social influence processes in contributing to participants' willingness to shock a confederate learner ,which of the following situations would yield the least obedience?

Which of the following types of conformity pressures induced most of the participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience studies (Milgram,1974) to deliver escalating and life-threatening shocks to an innocent learner?

Based on your text,which of the following is the best example of obedience to authority based on normative social influence?

Which of the following variations of Stanley Milgram's (1963) original obedience experiment provides the strongest evidence of the operation of normative conformity when participants administer electric shocks to a confederate learner?

In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007) ,several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.How are these results being applied?

Results from Milgram's study,in which participants were led to believe that they were being asked to shock another person at lethal levels,suggest that