Question 1

Which component of morality involves the knowledge of ethical rules and the judgments of "goodness" or "badness" for various acts or behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive component of morality involves the knowledge of ethical rules and the judgments of "goodness" or "badness" for various acts or behaviors. It deals with the mental processes involved in making moral decisions and understanding moral concepts. The other options - behavioral, emotional, and religious - may also play a role in morality, but they do not specifically address the knowledge of ethical rules and judgments of goodness or badness.

Question 2

Piaget investigated the developmental course of moral judgments by studying changes in children's attitudes toward rules in games and changes in children's

Accepted Answer

Piaget focused on children's attitudes toward rules in games to investigate the developmental course of moral judgments. Specifically, he was interested in the changes in children's judgments of the seriousness of transgressions, such as whether they believe breaking a rule leads to a moral violation or is just a simple mistake.

Question 3

According to Piaget, children at what age begin to develop moral judgments and an understanding that social rules can be questioned or even changed?

Accepted Answer

According to Jean Piaget, children begin to develop moral judgments and understand that social rules can be questioned or changed around the age of 11 years. This development occurs in the stage of formal operations, which starts around this age.

Question 4

Which of the following stages of Piaget's theory of moral development occurs first?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of moral development consists of two stages - moral realism and moral reciprocity. Moral realism occurs first, typically during the child's elementary school years, where the child believes that rules are set in stone and are handed down from authority figures. The child believes that breaking rules results in punishment, regardless of the situation. Moral reciprocity occurs around adolescence, where the child begins to understand that rules can be changed and negotiated based on the situation and the needs of the individuals involved. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options C and D are not part of Piaget's theory of moral development, and retrograde morality is not a recognized term in his theory.

Question 5

Julie, who is 4 years old, and Simone, who is 5 years old, are playing marbles together. The winner is the person who hits the other person's marbles. When asked if they could change the rules so that the winner is the person who can shoot a marble the farthest, both emphatically yell "No!" and say that the marble rules cannot be changed. This examples illustrates Piaget's principle of

Accepted Answer

This example illustrates Piaget's principle of moral absolutism, where children believe that rules are fixed and unchangeable, typically seen in early childhood development stages.

Question 6

When behavior is influenced more by personal standards of conduct and ethical beliefs than external factors, what process has occurred?

Accepted Answer

Internalization is the process by which an individual adopts and integrates a set of moral values and ethical principles into their personal belief system. This results in behavior being guided more by inner standards of conduct and values rather than external factors, such as social norms or pressure from others.

Question 7

According to Piaget, when children understand and accept social rules as well as display concern for equality and reciprocity in human relationships, they are exhibiting

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, when children understand and accept social rules and display concern for equality and reciprocity in human relationships, they have reached the stage of mature morality. This stage is characterized by an internalization of moral values and principles, rather than being driven by external rewards or punishment. Infantile morality and moral passivity do not describe a specific stage of moral development in Piaget's theory. Subjective morality refers to a stage where individuals base their moral judgments solely on personal preferences and feelings, without considering the impact on others.

Question 8

Initial control of very young children's behavior is maintained through ____________, but as children become older, behavior is increasingly monitored and controlled by ____________.

Accepted Answer

Very young children's behavior is controlled externally through external factors such as their parents' rules and instructions. However, as children get older, they develop internal standards of conduct and begin to monitor and control their own behavior based on these internal standards. Therefore, behavior is increasingly monitored and controlled by internal factors rather than external factors.

Question 9

Children can use intentions as a basis for moral judgments at an earlier age than Piaget had determined if the stories used to measure moral judgment

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children can discern the moral implications of actions based on intentions when the outcomes are held constant, particularly when comparing good and bad intentions leading to the same bad outcome. This approach allows children to focus on the intentions behind actions rather than being confused or distracted by varying outcomes.

Question 10

According to Piaget, when children begin to exhibit a morality of reciprocity they recognize that

Accepted Answer

Piaget's concept of morality of reciprocity involves understanding that social rules are mutual agreements and can be flexible, rather than absolute mandates.

Question 11

Kohlberg's theory is similar to Piaget's in that both

Accepted Answer

Both Kohlberg's and Piaget's theories emphasize developmental progression, where children's understanding and reasoning evolve through stages, building upon the concepts and cognitive abilities acquired in earlier stages. Kohlberg's theory of moral development and Piaget's theory of cognitive development both suggest that as children grow, their thinking becomes more sophisticated and complex, reflecting a building process over time.

Question 12

According to Piaget, a child who shows little concern or awareness of rules is in which stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children in the premoral stage have little concern or awareness of rules. This stage is characterized by egocentrism and the absence of a moral code. Children in this stage are primarily concerned with satisfying their own needs and desires, and they have little understanding of the needs and feelings of others.

Question 13

Children begin to understand more about morality and the belief that social rules can be questioned and changed if necessary during which of Piaget's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stage of morality of reciprocity, which occurs during middle childhood (ages 7-12), is when children begin to understand that social rules are based on mutual agreements and can be questioned and changed if necessary. They also understand that fairness and justice are important in maintaining these agreements.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of morality?

Accepted Answer

The social component is not considered a basic component of morality. Morality typically involves emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components, focusing on feelings about right and wrong, understanding and reasoning about moral issues, and actions reflecting moral decisions, respectively. The social component, while influential in shaping moral norms and behaviors, is not categorized as a basic component of individual morality itself.

Question 15

A child who believes in moral absolutism and immanent justice would be in which of Piaget's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, during the stage of moral realism (also known as heteronomous morality), children believe in moral absolutism and that rules are unchangeable and come from authority figures. They also view justice as immanent, meaning that any wrongdoing will result in immediate punishment. This typically occurs in children between the ages of 5 and 10.

Question 16

Emma believes that someone will inevitably punish a "bad" behavior or that something will certainly happen to that person to get back at them for this "bad" deed. Emma's thinking illustrates Piaget's principle of

Accepted Answer

Emma's belief that someone will inevitably punish a "bad" behavior or that something will certainly happen to that person to get back at them for this "bad" deed reflects the concept of immanent justice. This is the belief that there is an automatic relationship between behavior and its consequences, such that "bad" behavior will always be punished, whether by an authority figure or by some kind of natural or supernatural force. This idea is often seen in children's moral reasoning during the heteronomous stage, according to Piaget.

Question 17

Jeff stole a sandwich from the cafeteria for his roommate who lost his meal card and didn't have any money. Jeff did not believe what he had done was wrong. Jeff is probably operating in what Piaget calls

Accepted Answer

Jeff's action reflects the morality of reciprocity, where moral decisions are based on the principles of fairness and mutual benefit, rather than adhering strictly to rules or laws. This stage of moral development, as described by Piaget, involves understanding that there are exceptions to rules based on the context and intentions behind actions. Jeff believes his action is justified to help his friend, indicating he values the outcome and the fairness of the situation over the rule he broke.

Question 18

Danielle went and rode her bike throughout the neighborhood after her mother had told her emphatically not to leave the yard. While riding her bike, she got grease from the bike chain all over her pants and socks. She believed this mess was punishment for disobeying her mother. In Piagetian terms, Danielle has a belief in

Accepted Answer

Danielle's belief that the mess on her pants and socks was punishment for disobeying her mother demonstrates a belief in "imminent justice," which is a Piagetian concept that suggests children believe there is a direct connection between misbehavior and punishment. This belief typically begins to decrease as children move into Piaget's concrete operational stage, around the age of 7-12.

Question 19

Studies focusing on aspects of morality such as feelings of shame or guilt are examining the

Accepted Answer

Studies focusing on feelings of shame or guilt are examining the emotional component of morality. This component is related to the individual's internal responses to moral situations and is often associated with emotions such as guilt, shame, empathy, and compassion. Cognitive, behavioral, and punishment components of morality are also important, but they are not focused on in studies of shame and guilt.

Question 20

found that Native Americans

Accepted Answer

Native Americans show increases in the belief of immanent justice over time.

Quiz 14: Morality, Altruism, and Aggression