Question 1

The text argues that image files in long-term memory:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text argues that image files in...

Question 2

Memory for pictures:

Accepted Answer

Memory for pictures is influenced by schematic knowledge, meaning that people are more likely to remember information that makes sense based on their prior knowledge and expectations. This is similar to how memory works for other types of information. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because memory for pictures can be good, is influenced by rehearsal, and is not always accurate for elements of the picture that were not attended to during encoding.

Question 3

"Image file" refers to:

Accepted Answer

An image file refers to descriptive information in long-term memory used as the basis for creating an active image. It is the mental representation of an image that can be created through the use of descriptive information.

Question 4

If given a picture of a classroom with a chalkboard, desks, and students, people are likely to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of If given a picture of a classroom...

Question 5

Paivio and others have proposed that some types of knowledge are encoded in image-based representations and that other types of knowledge are stored in verbal form. In addition, it is claimed that:

Accepted Answer

Paivio's dual-coding theory proposes that image-based knowledge is stored separately from verbal knowledge, and that image-based information is more efficiently accessed with a visual cue (such as a picture), while verbal information is more efficiently accessed with a word cue. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 6

According to Paivio, a word like "chair" is _____ than a word like "faith."

Accepted Answer

According to Paivio, concrete objects or words that can be visualized, such as "chair," are easier to remember than abstract words like "faith."

Question 7

The text considers various arguments concerning pictures and percepts. According to the text, pictures are:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text considers various arguments concerning pictures...

Question 8

In a memory experiment, participants were shown a form that could be interpreted in more than one way. Half the participants were told, "Here is a picture of the sun." Other participants were told, "Here is a picture of a ship's steering wheel." Some time later, participants were asked to draw the exact form they had seen earlier. The data indicate that:

Accepted Answer

The data indicate that participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels that they had been given earlier. In other words, what participants were told influenced how they remembered and drew the form. This suggests that verbal cues can have a significant impact on visual memory. The other options are not supported by the given information.

Question 9

Studies of individual differences in mental imagery ability indicate that:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that each individual has his or her own unique profile of imagery skills, meaning they may excel in some tasks while struggling with others. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect as there is no evidence to support that women are generally poor in visual skills compared to men. Option B is also incorrect as there has been observed differences in mental imagery ability between individuals. Option C is incorrect as it assumes that "less good" imagers will always perform poorly on every imagery task, which is not necessarily true.

Question 10

Vera has a large color vocabulary and knows, for example, words that allow her to name a dozen different shades of green. Laura has a much narrower color vocabulary and knows only the basic color terms (e.g., "red," "green," "yellow"). If we test Vera's and Laura's ability to remember specific colors, we are likely to find that:

Accepted Answer

Vera's larger color vocabulary suggests that she has a greater ability to perceive and discriminate between different shades of color, which can enhance her memory for specific colors. Additionally, research has shown that individuals with a greater color lexicon (like Vera) have better memory for colors than those with a more limited vocabulary (like Laura).

Question 11

In memorizing new material, the pattern of "dual coding" refers to:

Accepted Answer

Dual coding refers to the process of encoding material using both verbal and visual cues. This leads to the formation of the two types of memory, verbal and visual, which can aid in recall and retention of the material. Option A is partially correct, as it includes the visual aspect, but it is not necessary to encode the material from two separate perspectives. Option B is incorrect as encoding on two separate occasions does not necessarily involve both verbal and visual cues, and option D is also incorrect as it refers to a specific type of mental image rather than the overall concept of dual coding.

Question 12

Brian is a brain-damaged individual who has lost the ability to do most visual tasks, including tasks requiring him to think about an object's color. On the basis of other evidence, it is likely that Brian:

Accepted Answer

The question suggests that Brian has lost the ability to do most visual tasks, but it does not necessarily mean that he has lost all spatial abilities. Therefore, it is likely that he may still be able to perform normally on spatial tasks. Option B is incorrect, as the question does not provide any evidence of Brian's ability to perform auditory tasks. Option C is incorrect because image scanning is a visual task, and the question suggests that Brian has lost most of his visual abilities. Option D is incorrect because mental rotation also requires visual processing abilities.

Question 13

When asked to determine which city is farther south, Seattle or Montreal, people are likely to mistakenly say Seattle. This is probably because:

Accepted Answer

This is likely due to the fact that people store spatial information in memory in a propositional form, which involves abstract relationships between objects, rather than in an image form. In this case, people may know that Seattle is generally further north than Montreal, but they may not have strong mental images of the exact locations of these cities on a map.

Question 14

Participants' self-reports about their imagery vividness:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Participants' self-reports about their imagery vividness:
...

Question 15

Which of following statements is NOT true about memory for pictures?

Accepted Answer

Picture memory can show both the primacy effect (better memory for items at the beginning of a sequence) and recency effect (better memory for items at the end of a sequence), just like memory for verbal information.

Question 16

Lisa and Katie are both using imagery mnemonics to try and remember the words "dog" and "ferris wheel." Lisa imagines a dog riding a ferris wheel, while Katie remembers a person at a theme park walking her dog. Lisa's strategy will:

Accepted Answer

Lisa's mnemonic is more bizarre and unusual, which can make it more memorable and effective for encoding and retrieving the words "dog" and "ferris wheel." While Katie's strategy is also effective, Lisa's may have an advantage due to its uniqueness. There is no evidence that Lisa's mnemonic would hinder her ability to remember compared to Katie's, and it is possible that it could improve her memory for both words.

Question 17

Information about an image is stored as a "package" made up of both the perceptual frame of reference and:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Information about an image is stored as...

Question 18

In memorizing new material, it is consistently helpful if one imagines the items:

Accepted Answer

When items are imagined interacting with each other in some way, it creates a more vivid and memorable mental image. This can enhance the retention of the material being learned.

Question 19

Researchers have argued that visual images are created by:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers have argued that visual images are...

Question 20

Evidence indicates that:

Accepted Answer

Mental imagery can facilitate discoveries when they align with the image's depiction and reference frame, suggesting that such imagery can be a source of creative insight.

Quiz 11: Visual Knowledge