Question 1

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

Accepted Answer

The social smile typically develops around 6 weeks of age, where infants smile in response to interactions with others. Anger and fear may emerge later in infancy, while laughter typically emerges earlier around 3-4 months of age.

Question 2

Roseanne is several hours old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?

Accepted Answer

Newborns can react to pain, which is a basic reflexive response present from birth. Other emotions like social smiling, embarrassment, and fear of strangers develop later.

Question 3

Tang is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following behaviors has probably just appeared?

Accepted Answer

Laughter typically appears around 3 to 4 months of age in infants.

Question 4

Andrew has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. Andrew is most likely ____

Accepted Answer

Anger typically begins to appear in infants around 6 months of age as they start to express more complex emotions.

Question 5

According to the results of cross-cultural research, distal parenting often results in toddlers who are self-aware but less obedient than those whose parents engage in proximal parenting.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has consistently shown that distal parenting, which involves less physical and emotional proximity to the child, can result in toddlers who are more self-aware but less obedient than those who experience proximal parenting, which involves more physical and emotional closeness with the child.

Question 6

About ____ percent of babies cry "excessively," defined as more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for more than three weeks.

Accepted Answer

Approximately 20% of babies cry excessively, according to the definition provided in the question.

Question 7

Separation anxiety and stranger wariness are two kinds of ____ in infancy and toddlerhood.

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety and stranger wariness both involve fear in infants and toddlers. Separation anxiety is the fear of being away from a primary caregiver or attachment figure, while stranger wariness is the fear of unfamiliar people.

Question 8

According to Freud, preventing sucking or weaning too early during infancy may have long-lasting effects on personality development.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the oral stage focuses on pleasure from the mouth, including sucking. If an infant is weaned too early or prevented from sucking, it may lead to fixation and long-lasting effects on their personality, such as an oral fixation or dependence.

Question 9

Baby Chang participated in a research study in which the researcher restrained Chang's arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

Accepted Answer

Restraining a baby's arms can lead to frustration and discomfort, which are more closely associated with anger.

Question 10

In-home day care is always preferable to out-of-home day care.

Accepted Answer

The preference between in-home and out-of-home day care depends on individual family needs, child's personality, quality of care, and various other factors; there is no one-size-fits-all answer.

Question 11

Social learning is achieved by observing others.

Accepted Answer

Social learning is a process of learning through observation or interaction with others. It involves watching and imitating the behavior of others, and this can occur consciously or unconsciously.

Question 12

At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be _____.

Accepted Answer

At 6 weeks of age, babies are most likely to develop a social smile, which is a genuine smile in response to something in their environment, often in response to a caregiver's face or voice. While babies may also show surprise or delight at this age, the development of the social smile is a significant milestone in their emotional development. Fear of strangers typically emerges later, around 6-9 months of age.

Question 13

Mothers are better than fathers at reading their infants' emotions and responding with synchrony.

Accepted Answer

Research does not conclusively show that mothers are inherently better than fathers at reading and responding to their infants' emotions. Both parents can develop these skills through experience and interaction with their child.

Question 14

Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?

Accepted Answer

Pride is a complex emotion that involves a sense of self-awareness, achievement, and recognition from others. It typically does not fully develop until children are around two to three years old. Fear of strangers, anger, and curiosity all tend to emerge earlier in infancy.

Question 15

Like Freud, Erikson argued that problems and conflicts that arise in early childhood could adversely affect one's adult personality.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that unresolved conflicts in each stage of development can lead to maladaptive personality traits in adulthood.

Question 16

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

Accepted Answer

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with stress and negative emotions, including sadness.

Question 17

Madison's mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too. Madison engaged in social referencing to guide her own reaction to her mother's friend.

Accepted Answer

Madison used social referencing by observing her mother's reaction to her friend and using it as a guide for her own behavior.

Question 18

An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____.

Accepted Answer

Infants have limited communication skills and are easily frustrated when they cannot express their needs or desires. This frustration can often lead to displays of anger or emotional outbursts.

Question 19

According to cognitive theorists, values and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive theorists believe that our beliefs, values, and thoughts shape our perception of the world and influence our behavior. This perspective is known as cognitive psychology.

Question 20

Studies show that there are no significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there are differences in how mothers and fathers play with their infants. Fathers often engage in more physical and stimulating play, while mothers tend to focus on caregiving and nurturing interactions.

Quiz 7: The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development