Question 1

Unlike Marx, Berger and Luckmann viewed reification as inherent to the human condition.

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann believed that reification, or the tendency to view social constructs as objective and tangible, is a natural and widespread aspect of human consciousness, rather than a specific flaw of capitalist societies as Marx believed.

Question 2

In contrast to phenomenology, ethnomethodology pays attention to the procedures individuals use to interpretatively produce intelligible forms of action.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In contrast to phenomenology, ethnomethodology pays attention...

Question 3

Define Husserl's lifeworld and how the concept of bracketing plays into it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define Husserl's lifeworld and how the concept...

Question 4

According to Berger and Luckmann, the reality of everyday life is organized around the "here" of my body and the "there" of my present.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Berger and Luckmann, the reality...

Question 5

Stocks of knowledge, recipes, and typifications are Schutz's attempts to clarify Durkheimian notions of social action.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stocks of knowledge, recipes, and typifications are...

Question 6

Habitualized actions over time become taken-for-granted institutions that individuals are subject to.

Accepted Answer

Habitualized actions can become institutionalized over time, meaning they become the norm and individuals are expected to conform to them without questioning. These institutions can take many forms, including social customs, laws, and cultural practices. As a result, individuals may not even be aware they are subject to them, and may take them for granted as part of everyday life.

Question 7

Berger and Luckmann's work can best be described as theoretically multidimensional phenomenological sociology.

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann's work, "The Social Construction of Reality," utilized a multidimensional approach to coherently explain the process of social constructionism from a phenomenological perspective.

Question 8

The lifeworld is the taken-for-granted backdrop within which all situations are measured and given meaning.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of the lifeworld according to phenomenology, which sees the lifeworld as the background that shapes our perceptions and experiences of the world. It is the "world of everyday life" that we are immersed in and often take for granted.

Question 9

Berger and Luckmann stress that "no individual internalizes the totality of what is objectivated as reality in his society . . . [and that] there are always elements of subjective reality that have not originated in _____________.

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann emphasize that individuals do not internalize the totality of what is objectified as reality in their society, and that there are always elements of subjective reality that have not originated in socialization. Socialization plays a significant role in shaping an individual's subjective reality, but it is not the only factor that influences it.

Question 10

Social life is only possible via shared interpretative schemes and language.

Accepted Answer

Social life involves communication and interactions among individuals, which require a common language and shared interpretative schemes for people to understand each other and to make sense of the social world. Without these, it would be difficult to establish meaningful relationships, cultural practices, and institutions that shape social life. Therefore, social life is only possible via shared interpretative schemes and language.

Question 11

The central difference between phenomenology and ethnomethodology is that phenomenology is resolutely sociological while ethnomethodology is deeply influenced by psychology.

Accepted Answer

The central difference between phenomenology and ethnomethodology is not about the influence of psychology. Rather, the main difference lies in their fundamental theoretical orientations. Phenomenology focuses on the subjective experiences and meanings of individuals, while ethnomethodology examines how people use everyday methods to make sense of their social world. Both are sociological approaches, but with different emphases.

Question 12

Ethnomethodologists' perspective on action and order would be found within the individual/nonrational quadrant in our figure of theoretical orientation.

Accepted Answer

This is because ethnomethodologists focus on the subjective meanings and interpretations that individuals give to their actions and behaviors, rather than relying on objective, rational explanations. Therefore, their perspective emphasizes individual experiences and understanding, which falls within the individual/nonrational quadrant.

Question 13

Schutz's conceptions can be classified as rational and collective.

Accepted Answer

Schutz's conceptions are better classified as phenomenological, focusing on the structures of experience and consciousness, rather than being strictly rational and collective.

Question 14

Each human has his/her own biographically articulated stock of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Each human has their own unique life experiences and memories, which shape their individual stock of knowledge.

Question 15

The notion of ___________________underscores that subordinate groups are conditioned to view the world from the perspective of the dominant group, since the perspective of the latter is embedded in the institutions and practices of that world.

Accepted Answer

Bifurcation of consciousness refers to the division of an individual's consciousness into two parts: one that aligns with the dominant group's perspective and one that aligns with their own experiences as a subordinate group.

Question 16

The notion of "standpoint" underscores that subordinate groups are conditioned to view the world from the perspective of the dominant group, since the perspective of the latter is embedded in the institutions and practices of that world.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The notion of "standpoint" underscores that subordinate...

Question 17

According to Berger and Luckmann, the reality of everyday life is organized around the "here" of my body and the "____" of my present

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann argue that the reality of everyday life is shaped by the "here" of my body and the "now" of my present experience. This understanding of reality is based on the idea that our perceptions and experiences are grounded in the immediate moment, and that our sense of self is constructed within the context of our present situation. The other options, "there," "where," and "day" are not the terms used by Berger and Luckmann to describe the organization of everyday reality.

Question 18

Berger and Luckmann stress that "no individual internalizes the totality of what is objectivated as reality in his society."

Accepted Answer

Berger and Luckmann argue that individuals can only internalize a limited amount of the reality that is objectified in their society, and that the process of socialization and learning about the world is ongoing throughout one's life. Therefore, it is impossible for any individual to fully internalize the totality of their society's reality.

Question 19

__________________infuses the ethnomethodological interest in the details of mundane everyday action and the production of order with a rigorous methodology and focus on the fundamental, taken-for-granted structures of conversational interaction.

Accepted Answer

Conversation analysis is the discipline that focuses on the rigorous analysis of conversational interaction, with particular attention to the taken-for-granted structures that underlie everyday conversation. It builds on the insights of ethnomethodology, which is concerned with the details of mundane action and the production of order in everyday life, but goes further in its application of the scientific method to the study of interaction.

Question 20

Conversation analysis infuses the ethnomethodological interest in the details of mundane everyday action.

Accepted Answer

Conversation analysis is based on the ethnomethodological perspective, which focuses on how individuals make sense of and give meaning to their everyday actions and interactions. As such, it emphasizes the importance of examining the details of everyday talk and interaction in order to understand how meaning is constructed and conveyed in social settings.

Quiz 13: Phenomenology