Question 1

What is a typical effect size for the majority of sport and exercise based studies?

Accepted Answer

Small to medium effect sizes are typical for the majority of sport and exercise based studies.

Question 2

To help reduce the effects of hypertension (high blood pressure), researchers were interested in the effects of an acute 30 min bout of exercise over a two-week period. Resting blood pressure was measured before and after the two weeks of exercise and statistical significance was determined to be p = .001. Which of the following descriptions best describes its meaning?

Accepted Answer

A significant difference was found between the pre and post measurements, which suggests that there may be an important effect of the exercise in reducing hypertension. However, further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a measure of effect size?

Accepted Answer

The Shapiro-Wilk test is a test for normality and is not a measure of effect size. The other options, Cohen's d, Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), and odds ratio, are measures of effect size commonly used in statistical analysis.

Question 4

If a six-week training intervention (equal to 70% VO₂max) was to be administered to a group of sedentary individuals and individuals who train regularly, which group would be more likely to have a greater effect size?

Accepted Answer

Sedentary individuals typically experience greater improvements in fitness measures from training interventions compared to those who are already trained, due to their lower initial fitness levels and greater potential for adaptation.

Question 5

If you were researching a medical procedure that could potentially diagnose pancreatic cancer earlier than the procedures we have at the moment, what type of error might you consider protecting against?

Accepted Answer

In medical diagnostics, a Type II error (false negative) is critical to avoid because it means failing to detect a condition when it is actually present, which could delay treatment and worsen patient outcomes.

Question 6

Suppose the same test was conducted but the statistical significance value was determined at p = .08. Which of the following descriptions best describes its meaning?

Accepted Answer

A significance level of p = .08 means that there is an 8% chance that the observed difference between the pre and post measurements occurred by chance alone. This is not low enough to confidently conclude that there is a true effect, so the best description would be that a difference was not found but there may still be an effect.

Quiz 2: The Spine of Statistics

What is a typical effect size for the majority of sport and exercise based studies?

Which of the following is not a measure of effect size?

If a six-week training intervention (equal to 70% VO2 max) was to be administered to a group of sedentary individuals and individuals who train regularly, which group would be more likely to have a greater effect size?

If you were researching a medical procedure that could potentially diagnose pancreatic cancer earlier than the procedures we have at the moment, what type of error might you consider protecting against?

Suppose the same test was conducted but the statistical significance value was determined at p = .08. Which of the following descriptions best describes its meaning?

If a six-week training intervention (equal to 70% VO₂max) was to be administered to a group of sedentary individuals and individuals who train regularly, which group would be more likely to have a greater effect size?