Question 1

People with the long form of the D4DR allele
A) Feel the effects of dopamine more strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts
B) Feel the effects of dopamine less strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts
C) Feel the effects of serotonin less strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts
D) Feel the effects of serotonin more strongly and are therefore likely to be extraverts

Accepted Answer

People with the long form of the D4DR allele feel the effects of dopamine less strongly, which may lead them to seek out more stimulating and rewarding experiences to compensate, a trait often associated with extraversion.

Question 2

Frank Sulloway's data on birth order have been criticised because
A) The sample size is small
B) The data do not reach significance
C) The effect sizes are very small
D) The data were self-selected

Accepted Answer

Sulloway's data did reach statistical significance, but some researchers argue that the effect sizes (the magnitude of the differences found between birth orders) were very small and not practically significant. Additionally, other studies on birth order have found conflicting results, calling into question the accuracy and generalizability of Sulloway's findings. The sample size and self-selection issues are not major criticisms of Sulloway's data.

Question 3

Which of the following is not one of Gardners' 'multiple intelligences'?
A) Musical
B) Kinaesthetic
C) Emotional
D) Naturalistic

Accepted Answer

Gardner's multiple intelligences include Musical, Kinaesthetic, Emotional, and Naturalistic, but not Emotional.

Question 4

The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray was controversial because
A) It proposed sex differences in intelligence that were due to the environment
B) It proposed sex differences in intelligence that were due to genes
C) It proposed racial differences in intelligence that were due to the environment
D) It proposed racial differences in intelligence that were due to genes

Accepted Answer

The Bell Curve proposed racial differences in intelligence that were due to genes, which was highly controversial and criticized as racist by many scholars and activists.

Question 5

Intelligence has a heritability coefficient of between:
A) 0.1 and 0.3
B) 0.2 and 0.4
C) 0.3 and 0.5
D) 0.4 and 0.7

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that intelligence has a heritability coefficient between 0.4 and 0.7, indicating that a significant portion of intelligence is due to genetic factors.

Question 6

The ability of certain animals to change their physical form or behaviour during their life history is referred to as
A) Phenotype switching
B) Epigenetic development
C) Genotype switching
D) Behavioural plasticity

Accepted Answer

Phenotype switching refers to the ability of an organism to change its physical form or phenotype in response to environmental conditions, which can include changes in behavior.

Question 7

The ultimate personality 'lumper' was:
A) Raymond Cattelll
B) Howard Gardner
C) Michael Eysenck
D) Hans Eysenck

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck is considered the ultimate personality "lumper" because of his binary approach to personality traits, dividing them into three major dimensions: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism/superego control. He believed that all other personality traits could be subsumed within these three dimensions, leading to criticism that his approach was too simplistic and failed to account for the complexity of personality.

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality factors?
A) Psychoticism
B) Extraversion
C) Conscientiousness
D) Openness to experience

Accepted Answer

The Big Five personality factors are Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience. Psychoticism is not one of them.

Question 9

According to Mealey (1995) secondary sociopathy (psychopathy) requires a genetic predisposition plus a hostile environment. This means that most primary sociopathy are likely to be
A) White collar
B) Blue collar
C) Women
D) In prison

Accepted Answer

Mealey states that secondary sociopathy (psychopathy) arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and a hostile environment. This suggests that individuals who are more likely to have experienced adversity or trauma in their environment are more likely to develop secondary sociopathy. Therefore, it is less likely that primary sociopaths (who have a genetic predisposition without a hostile environment) would be found in environments typically associated with adversity, such as prisons or blue-collar jobs. Rather, research suggests that primary sociopaths are more likely to be found in white-collar settings, where they may be better able to manipulate and exploit others for personal gain. Therefore, the best choice is A: white collar.

Question 10

What evolutionary mechanism has been proposed to be responsible for maintaining psychopathy at low levels?
A) Crossing over
B) Heterozygous advantage
C) Linkage
D) Frequency dependent selection

Accepted Answer

Frequency dependent selection proposes that there is an advantage for individuals to exhibit different behaviors than the majority of the population. In the case of psychopathy, individuals with this trait may have an advantage when only a small proportion of the population exhibits it, giving them a strategic advantage in certain contexts. However, if too many individuals exhibit psychopathic traits, the advantage is lost and the trait is no longer beneficial. This could help explain why psychopathy is maintained at low levels in the population.

Question 11

To understand personality we need to make a distinction between:
A) Psychological states and physiological states
B) Psychological states and psychological traits
C) Psychological traits and physiological traits
D) Psychological traits and niche fitting

Accepted Answer

Personality is generally considered to be stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions, which are traits that persist over time and across situations. Psychological states, on the other hand, are temporary conditions that are influenced by various internal and external factors. Therefore, the distinction between psychological states and psychological traits is important in understanding personality.

Question 12

Who developed the first intelligence test?
A) Spearman
B) Weschler
C) Eysenck
D) Binet and Simon

Accepted Answer

The first intelligence test was developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon in France in 1905.

Question 13

Who considered there to be eight different forms of intelligence?
A) Raymond Cattell
B) Howard Gardner
C) Michael Eysenck
D) Charles Spearman

Accepted Answer

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which includes eight different forms of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

Question 14

Traditionally, IQ is calculated by
A) Chronological age * mental age) * 100
B) Chronological age * mental age) / 100
C) Mental age / Chronological age) * 100
D) Chronological age / Mental age) * 100

Accepted Answer

The traditional formula for calculating IQ is by dividing the mental age (MA) by the chronological age (CA) and then multiplying the quotient by 100. This is represented as IQ = (MA / CA) * 100.

Question 15

According to research by Dingemanse, Both, Drent, Van Oers, and Van Noordwijk, (2002) on great tits concerning the trait exploration.
A) Male highs scorers do better when food is scarce, females when food is plentiful
B) Male low scorers do better when food is scarce, females when food is plentiful
C) Male and female high scorers do better when food is plentiful
D) Male and female low scorers do better when food is plentiful

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research by Dingemanse, Both, Drent,...

Question 16

According to Nettle (2005) extraversion may be an effective strategy because extraverts have more sexual relationships but if might be ineffective because...
A) Extraverts have fewer children
B) Extraverts show lower parental investment
C) Extraverts have more accidents leading to potentially higher mortality
D) Extraverts are more prone to illness

Accepted Answer

Extraverts may engage in riskier behaviors, leading to more accidents and potentially higher mortality, which can make extraversion an ineffective strategy despite having more sexual relationships.

Question 17

Who published 'Born to Rebel' which argued that personality is related to birth order?
A) Frank Sulloway
B) Jay Belsky
C) Judith Harris
D) Hans Eysenck

Accepted Answer

Frank Sulloway published 'Born to Rebel' which argued that personality is related to birth order.

Question 18

What does frequency dependent selection mean?
A) The success of a strategy depends on its frequency relative to that of other strategies
B) The success of a strategy is entirely dependent upon its frequency
C) The success of a strategy is entirely dependent by the success of other strategies
D) The frequency of a strategy is dependent upon its success

Accepted Answer

Frequency dependent selection means that the success of a particular strategy in a population is dependent upon its frequency relative to other strategies. For example, a rare strategy may be advantageous when it is rare but become disadvantageous if it becomes more common in the population. Therefore, the success of a strategy is not solely dependent upon its own success but also on the success of other strategies in the population.

Question 19

The Big Five personality factor of openness is included in which of Eysenck's factors?
A) Psychoticism
B) Extraversion
C) Neuroticism
D) It isn't included in any of Eysenck's factors

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Big Five personality factor of openness...

Question 20

Personality has a heritability coefficient of between:
A) 0.1 and 0.3
B) 0.2 and 0.4
C) 0.3 and 0.5
D) 0.4 and 0.7

Accepted Answer

Personality traits have a heritability coefficient generally estimated to be between 0.3 and 0.5, indicating that genetics accounts for approximately 30% to 50% of the variance in personality traits.

Quiz 13: Evolution and Individual Differences

People with the long form of the D4DR allele

Frank Sulloway's data on birth order have been criticised because

Which of the following is not one of Gardners' 'multiple intelligences'?

The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray was controversial because

Intelligence has a heritability coefficient of between:

The ability of certain animals to change their physical form or behaviour during their life history is referred to as

The ultimate personality 'lumper' was:

Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality factors?

According to Mealey (1995) secondary sociopathy (psychopathy) requires a genetic predisposition plus a hostile environment. This means that most primary sociopathy are likely to be

What evolutionary mechanism has been proposed to be responsible for maintaining psychopathy at low levels?

To understand personality we need to make a distinction between:

Who developed the first intelligence test?

Who considered there to be eight different forms of intelligence?

Traditionally, IQ is calculated by

According to research by Dingemanse, Both, Drent, Van Oers, and Van Noordwijk, (2002) on great tits concerning the trait exploration.

According to Nettle (2005) extraversion may be an effective strategy because extraverts have more sexual relationships but if might be ineffective because...

Who published 'Born to Rebel' which argued that personality is related to birth order?

What does frequency dependent selection mean?

The Big Five personality factor of openness is included in which of Eysenck's factors?

Personality has a heritability coefficient of between: