Question 1

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

Accepted Answer

The answer of A geometric figure is most likely to...

Question 2

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus is originally neutral, but comes to produce a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Therefore, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A neutral stimulus is one that does not elicit a response before conditioning because it has no prior association with the unconditioned response.

Question 4

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants...

Question 5

Prior to learning painfully that the sound of a buzzing bee signaled an impending bee sting, Sara experienced no fear in response to the buzzing sound. At that time the sound of the buzzing bee was most clearly a(n)

Accepted Answer

Prior to the bee sting, the sound of the buzzing bee did not elicit a fear response, thus it was a neutral stimulus.

Question 6

A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

The tone has been associated with the delivery of food through classical conditioning, so it is now a conditioned stimulus. Choice A (unconditioned stimulus) is incorrect because the tone was not originally associated with the delivery of food. Choice B (primary reinforcer) is incorrect because the tone itself does not inherently provide reinforcement. Choice D (immediate reinforcer) is incorrect because the tone is not a type of reinforcement.

Question 7

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

The salivation to the taste of food is an unconditioned response because it is a natural response that the dog exhibits without any learning needed. The taste of food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers the salivation response in dogs. However, if Pavlov were to ring a bell every time the dog ate the food, eventually the sound of the bell alone would trigger the same salivation response, which would then be a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus of the bell.

Question 8

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

Accepted Answer

The pictures of lakeshore property served as a neutral stimulus, but after being associated with the pleasure of eating a delicious meal, they became a conditioned stimulus (CS) that caused Gavin to feel drooling with delight, which is the conditioned response (CR).

Question 9

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child's learned fear at the sight...

Question 10

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone initially had no effect on the dog's salivation (unconditioned response). However, after repeatedly pairing the sound of the tone with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), the dog learned to associate the sound of the tone with the arrival of food and began to salivate in response to the sound of the tone alone. Here, the tone became a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response of salivation.

Question 11

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

Accepted Answer

Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). The other options involve the unconditioned response (UR) or the conditioned response (CR), which are not directly related to extinction.

Question 12

John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson was a behaviorist who believed that psychology should only focus on observable behavior that can be objectively measured and manipulated, rather than mental processes such as thoughts and emotions. Therefore, attempts to scientifically study the influence of a positive self-concept, which is a construct that exists only in the individual's mind, would have been outside Watson's realm of interest. The other options involve observable behavior or stimuli that can be manipulated and measured, and therefore could have been studied within Watson's behaviorist framework.

Question 13

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. The sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

Accepted Answer

The answer of Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by...

Question 14

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

Accepted Answer

The US (unconditioned stimulus) in Pavlov's experiments was the presentation of food in the dog's mouth. This is what naturally elicits the response of salivation (UR - unconditioned response). Through repetition and pairing of the food with a neutral stimulus (such as a tone), the dogs learned to associate the tone with the presentation of food, which eventually led to them salivating at the sound of the tone alone (CR - conditioned response).

Question 15

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

Accepted Answer

The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called acquisition. Shaping is the process of gradually molding a response by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior. Generalization is the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Question 16

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

Accepted Answer

This is a classic example of classical conditioning where the neutral stimulus (rubbing alcohol) became associated with a negative experience (painful shots) and now elicits a fear response.

Question 17

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Sweating in response to hot weather is an automatic response that does not require any learning or conditioning, making it an unconditioned response. The other options involve learned behaviors or conditioned responses.

Question 18

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). Therefore, only choice C correctly identifies the NS becoming the CS, which reliably signals the impending occurrence of the US. Option A incorrectly identifies the US becoming the CS. Option B identifies the unconditioned response (UR) and conditioned response (CR), which are the behaviors or responses that occur in response to the US and CS, respectively. Option D incorrectly identifies the CR becoming the UR.

Question 19

John B. Watson considered himself to be a

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson is widely considered to be one of the founders of the behaviorist school of thought in psychology. He focused on observable behaviors, and believed that all behavior could be understood through conditioning.

Question 20

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

Accepted Answer

The answer of The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered...

Quiz 7: Learning