Question 1

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to

Accepted Answer

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend to report that they volunteer helping the poor and infirm. This is consistent with the idea that religious values often include a strong emphasis on helping others in need.

Question 2

The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is called the

Accepted Answer

The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is known as the reciprocity norm. It is a social norm that guides human behavior and promotes mutual aid and support in social relationships. This norm operates on the principle of fairness and the idea that people should treat others as they would like to be treated.

Question 3

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the

Accepted Answer

Mrs. Montevecchi's response to the free gift best illustrates the reciprocity norm, which suggests that people feel obliged to give back when they receive something from others. The free ornament triggered a sense of indebtedness, resulting in Mrs. Montevecchi feeling obligated to send a cash donation to the religious organization.

Question 4

Lizette's attitude toward other racial groups had always been negative. In her first year of college, she was assigned a roommate from a different racial group. This experience cause her to rethink her prejudicial attitude. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

This scenario best illustrates the impact of equal-status contact. This is the idea that when members of different groups have equal status and interact with one another as individuals, it can lead to reduced prejudice and stereotypes. Lizette's experience of having a roommate from a different racial group allowed her to have contact with someone from that group on an equal footing, which challenged her negative stereotypes and attitudes.

Question 5

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

Accepted Answer

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as superordinate goals.

Question 6

Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by

Accepted Answer

Sherif's research on the Robbers Cave experiment looked at how cooperation between two previously hostile groups could improve when they had a common goal, or superordinate goal, such as having to work together to fix the disrupted water supply. This suggests that social relationships are influenced by superordinate goals rather than ingroup bias, group polarization, or the mere exposure effect.

Question 7

To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of

Accepted Answer

The social-responsibility norm promotes helping behavior in situations where it is needed, and could therefore discourage people from falling into social traps that harm others. Increased awareness of this norm could help individuals to recognize these situations and take action to prevent harm.

Question 8

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

Accepted Answer

Mirror-image perceptions refer to the tendency of groups in conflict to see each other in the same negative way. This indicates that both groups are holding onto negative and inaccurate stereotypes about each other, further contributing to the conflict.

Question 9

To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of

Accepted Answer

A perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of conflict, which refers to a disagreement or opposition between individuals or groups. Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone. Prejudice refers to a negative attitude or feeling towards someone based on their perceived group membership. Group polarization refers to the tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions than individuals would make alone.

Question 10

When a man fell onto New York subway tracks, an onlooker risked his own life to save the man from being hit by an oncoming subway train. The onlooker's action exemplified the

Accepted Answer

The onlooker's action exemplified the social-responsibility norm, which is the societal expectation that individuals have a responsibility to help those in need, especially when the cost to oneself is small compared to the potential benefit to the person in need.

Question 11

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This situation describes mirror-image perceptions, which occur when two individuals each assume that the other's attitudes, beliefs or actions mirror their own. This assumption can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts in communication.

Question 12

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

The situation described in the question is an example of a social trap, where an individual has short-term benefits from their actions but causes long-term harm to the group. In this case, the individual benefits from driving a fuel-inefficient car but contributes to greenhouse gas emissions that harm the environment. Despite warnings, the individual continues to drive the car because they are focused on their short-term benefits.

Question 13

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

Accepted Answer

Interracial contact has been shown to be a major factor in reducing prejudice and increasing positive attitudes between different racial groups. This has been observed in South Africa where increased interracial contact has been followed by improved attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

Question 14

University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger

Accepted Answer

The answer of University College London volunteers used a mechanical...

Question 15

A social trap is a situation in which

Accepted Answer

A social trap occurs when individuals pursue their own self-interest, but in doing so, they create negative outcomes for the group as a whole. This happens when individuals focus on short-term gains without considering the long-term consequences for the group. In this situation, the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.

Question 16

The social-responsibility norm refers to the expectation that people should

Accepted Answer

The social-responsibility norm emphasizes the responsibility of individuals to help those who are in need of help, regardless of whether they "deserve" it or have helped the individual in the past. It is a commonly-shared expectation in many cultures and societies, and emphasizes the importance of empathy and compassion towards others.

Question 17

Sherif's study of conflict in a camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by

Accepted Answer

Sherif's study showed that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by involving the groups in tasks that required their joint cooperation. This created a superordinate goal, where both groups were working together towards a common goal, and reduced intergroup hostility. Bringing members of both groups into close contact, having one group make conciliatory gestures or allowing leaders to communicate did not have as significant an impact on reducing conflict.

Question 18

Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with

Accepted Answer

Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with equal status. This means that both groups have equal social status, which helps to break down stereotypes and increases understanding and positive attitudes towards each other. Ingroup bias, implicit prejudice, and mirror-image perceptions may still exist and affect intergroup relations, but equal status contact can help to mitigate these factors.

Question 19

After a yearlong drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of

Accepted Answer

The situation described is an example of a social trap, where the individual pursuit of self-interest (watering one's own lawn) leads to a negative outcome for the group as a whole (drain on city water reserves).

Question 20

A conflict in which both participants can benefit by cooperating with each other has been represented as a

Accepted Answer

A non-zero-sum game is a type of game in which both participants can benefit by cooperating with each other. Both parties can gain something from working together rather than competing against each other. This is in contrast to a zero-sum game, in which one party's gain is the other party's loss.

Quiz 13: Personality