Question 1

Three of the following statements are examples of possible advance organizers for a geometry lesson. Which statement is not an advance organizer as the term is typically defined?
A) "Today we will be studying three different kinds of triangles: acute, right, and obtuse."
B) "Okay, class, it's time to put your reading assignment away so that we can begin today's geometry lesson."
C) "Calculating the volume of a sphere is similar to a procedure you learned last month-calculating the area of a circle."
D) "Do you know how many square feet you have in your bedroom? After learning how to calculate the area of a rectangle today, you will know how to figure out exactly how big your bedroom is."

Accepted Answer

Statement B is not an advance organizer because it is not introducing or organizing the main ideas of the upcoming lesson. Instead, it is simply transitioning from one activity to another. A, C, and D all introduce or organize important concepts that will be covered in the geometry lesson.

Question 2

Mr. Gaydos wants to teach a group of people how to perform the Heimlich maneuver. Three of the following strategies should help his students learn the maneuver more effectively. Given what we know about teaching procedural knowledge, which strategy is least likely to be effective in helping students learn the procedure correctly?
A) Mr. Gaydos gives his students an opportunity to practice the maneuver on a realistic human dummy.
B) Mr. Gaydos shows his students pictures of the various steps involved in the maneuver.
C) Mr. Gaydos describes Dr. Heimlich's medical background and his motivation for developing the procedure.
D) Mr. Gaydos encourages his students to talk themselves through the procedure as they perform it.

Accepted Answer

Providing background information and motivation for developing the procedure may be interesting and informative, but it is not directly related to learning the procedural steps involved in performing the Heimlich maneuver. A, B, and D all involve more active learning strategies that engage the students in practicing or visualizing the steps of the maneuver, which are more likely to be effective in helping them learn the procedure correctly.

Question 3

Which one of the following best illustrates the use of a concept map?
A) Mr. Alexander puts the words force, gravity, velocity, acceleration, and time on the chalkboard; she then draws lines between pairs of related words and describes the relationships.
B) Ms. Blanchard draws a chart listing the sequence of events leading up to World War II in chronological order.
C) Mr. Calvin draws a chart showing the hierarchy that biologists use to classify animals; his chart includes vertebrates, invertebrates, mammals, fish, birds, mollusks, crustaceans, and so on.
D) Ms. Dubroski lists the characteristics of the canine family in biology.

Accepted Answer

Concept maps are used to show relationships between concepts or ideas. In this scenario, Mr. Alexander is organizing related concepts (force, gravity, velocity, acceleration, and time) and illustrating the relationships between them with lines connecting the related words. This is a clear example of a concept map. The other options involve presenting information in a different visual manner (charts and lists), but they do not illustrate the relationships between concepts or ideas.

Question 4

Which one of the following examples best illustrates a problem with prospective memory?
A) Meredith can't remember anything that happened in the few minutes before she was in an automobile accident.
B) Marcus forgets to keep the appointment he made with his teacher after school.
C) Juan can't recall something his teacher told him because he was thinking about something else while she was talking to him.
D) Chloe sees a person she knows she has met before, but she can't remember the person's name.

Accepted Answer

Prospective memory involves remembering to do something in the future. Forgetting to keep an appointment made with a teacher after school is an example of an error in prospective memory. The other options describe problems with different types of memory. A is an example of retrograde amnesia, C is an example of divided attention, and D is an example of episodic memory.

Question 5

After meeting a new neighbor, Shandra mistakenly calls him "David" on several occasions. Eventually the neighbor kindly corrects her, saying, "My name is actually Darren." After that, Shandra correctly calls the man "Darren," but initially she has to work hard not to call him "David" instead. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes the change in Shandra's memory?
A) retrieval-induced forgetting
B) encoding specificity
C) the misinformation effect
D) a retrieval cue

Accepted Answer

Retrieval-induced forgetting is the concept where the act of remembering some information can make it difficult to remember related information. In this scenario, Shandra's repeated use of "David" as his name made it harder for her to remember the correct name "Darren."

Question 6

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students effectively learn and remember information. Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing?
A) Mr. Ayotte helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks.
B) Ms. Bertinelli has students repeat definitions of new vocabulary words out loud.
C) Mr. Canton explains the rationale underlying a complex problem-solving procedure.
D) Ms. Darwin talks about how famous battles in history are in some ways similar to the fights students sometimes have on the playground.

Accepted Answer

Repeating definitions of new vocabulary words out loud (rote memorization) does not necessarily promote deep understanding or effective cognitive processing, unlike the other strategies that involve making connections, understanding underlying rationales, or identifying key ideas.

Question 7

What device did Benjamin Franklin invent to help people read better? It may take you a long time to think of the answer-bifocal lenses-because Ben was responsible for so many other inventions as well. In this situation, your lengthy retrieval time can best be explained in terms of:
A) too many retrieval cues
B) construction errors
C) the fan effect
D) repression

Accepted Answer

The fan effect occurs when the increased number of options or information available makes it harder to retrieve the desired information. In this scenario, the large number of inventions attributed to Benjamin Franklin may have contributed to the difficulty in retrieving the specific invention of bifocal lenses.

Question 8

To remind her 6-year-old son Steven to bring his umbrella home from school, a mother pins a piece of paper with a picture of an umbrella to Steven's jacket collar. Steven's mother is helping him remember the umbrella through the use of:
A) a script
B) the fan effect
C) an external retrieval cue
D) implicit knowledge

Accepted Answer

Steven's mother is providing an external retrieval cue, in this case a visual cue in the form of a picture of an umbrella, to help him remember to bring his umbrella home from school.

Question 9

Which one of the following statements describes wait time and its effect on learning?
A) When teachers give students about five minutes of "thinking time" at the beginning of class, students are more likely to learn class material meaningfully.
B) When teachers allow students more time to learn something, students learn it more thoroughly.
C) When teachers wait until students are ready to pay attention, students are more likely to learn effectively.
D) When teachers allow students more time to respond to a question, students are more likely to answer the question, and often with a more complex response.

Accepted Answer

Wait time, specifically in the context of allowing students more time to respond to questions, has been shown to increase the likelihood of student responses and the complexity of those responses. This practice encourages deeper thinking and engagement with the material.

Question 10

Ms. Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students-to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives. Which one of the following teaching strategies will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles in situations where the principles might be applied?
A) Teach students how to take good notes about classroom subject matter.
B) Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.
C) Maximize the use of concrete materials, and minimize the use of abstract ideas.
D) Maximize the use of abstract ideas, and minimize the use of concrete materials.

Accepted Answer

Associating scientific principles with real-life situations will help students retrieve the relevant information when faced with similar situations. This strategy promotes the transfer of learning from the classroom to the real world. Taking good notes and using concrete materials may aid in the initial learning of principles, but it does not necessarily help with retrieval and application in different contexts. Minimizing the use of abstract ideas may also limit students' ability to think beyond what they have learned in class.

Question 11

A teacher who wants students to elaborate on the material they are studying would be well advised to:
A) ask higher-level questions.
B) give signals about what is important to learn.
C) summarize the main ideas presented each day.
D) provide an advance organizer before every lesson.

Accepted Answer

Asking higher-level questions encourages students to think deeply about the material and provides opportunities for them to elaborate on their understanding.

Question 12

The textbook distinguishes between teacher-directed and learner-directed forms of instruction. Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches?
A) Generally speaking, teacher-directed instruction is more effective than student-directed instruction.
B) Generally speaking, student-directed instruction is more effective than teacher-directed instruction.
C) Teacher-directed instruction is recommended for the elementary and middle school grades; student-directed instruction is recommended for the high school grades.
D) Either approach can be effective only to the extent that it promotes effective storage and retrieval processes.

Accepted Answer

The textbook does not suggest that either approach is inherently better than the other; instead, both teacher-directed and learner-directed instruction can be effective as long as they promote effective storage and retrieval processes. Additionally, the textbook does not recommend a specific approach for specific grades, but rather encourages teachers to adapt their instruction to the needs and abilities of their students.

Question 13

One of the history teachers below is violating a principle recommended for promoting long-term memory storage during instruction. Which teacher is doing so?
A) Mr. Annenberg explains to his students how the American Revolution was an almost inevitable outcome of certain English policies at the time.
B) Ms. Bartholomew begins her discussion of the American Civil War by drawing some parallels between it and something the class has already studied-the American Revolution.
C) At the beginning of a unit on World War I, Mr. Cortez gives his students several questions they should be able to answer at the end of the unit.
D) Ms. DeLuca talks in a relaxed conversational style, describing different battles of World War II as they come to mind.

Accepted Answer

Ms. DeLuca's relaxed conversational style may not be effective in promoting long-term memory storage because it lacks structure and organization, which can make it difficult for students to mentally organize and retain the information presented. This violates the principle of providing clear organization and structure to help with memory retrieval.

Question 14

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which one is unlikely to do so? A) Mr. Pulos shows how the area of a triangle area = ¹/₂base x height) is half of something they already know-the area of a rectangle. B) Ms. Rubenstein asks her students to define peninsula in their own words. C) Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day. D) Ms. Elms points out that the German word krank meaning "sick") might be related to the English word cranky.

Accepted Answer

Mr. Warner's approach of encouraging daily practice of cursive letters, while beneficial for skill development, is less about connecting new knowledge to existing understanding or encouraging deeper comprehension, which are key aspects of meaningful learning.

Question 15

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly. Nora's problem "remembering" the difference between the words can probably best be explained as:
A) failure to retrieve
B) construction error
C) failure to store
D) repression

Accepted Answer

Nora's difficulty stems from not properly learning or storing the information when it was taught because she was distracted, leading to a failure to store the difference between "between" and "among" in her memory.

Question 16

Jenny is taking a quiz, which asks for the chemical symbols of 20 elements. She remembers 19 of them but cannot remember the symbol for mercury. As she walks home from school, she suddenly remembers that the symbol for mercury is Hg. Jenny's memory problem during the quiz can best be explained in terms of:
A) decay
B) repression
C) construction error
D) failure to retrieve

Accepted Answer

Jenny's memory retrieval problem during the quiz can be best explained as a failure to retrieve the information on the chemical symbol for mercury. When she later recalled the information, it suggests that the information was stored in her long-term memory but temporarily inaccessible during the quiz.

Question 17

Psychologists have offered three of the following as possible explanations for the phenomenon of infantile amnesia. Which one have they not suggested?
A) Infants have virtually no working memory capacity.
B) Most of what infants learn takes the form of implicit rather than explicit knowledge.
C) Infants cannot yet talk about their experiences and so have trouble encoding them in forms that are easily retrieved.
D) Infants' brains are insufficiently mature to think about things in the ways that older children and adults do.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall personal memories from the first few years of life. Psychologists have not suggested that infants have virtually no working memory capacity as an explanation for infantile amnesia. Instead, explanations focus on the nature of memory formation and retrieval, such as the development of language and cognitive abilities, and the distinction between implicit and explicit memory.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements best illustrates prior knowledge activation in a geometry lesson?
A) "Today we will be studying three different kinds of triangles: acute, right, and obtuse."
B) "Calculating the volume of a sphere is similar to a procedure you learned last month-calculating the area of a circle."
C) "Okay, class, it's time to put your reading assignment away so that we can begin today's geometry lesson."
D) "Do you know how many square feet you have in your bedroom? After learning how to calculate the area of a rectangle today, you will know how to figure out exactly how big your bedroom is."

Accepted Answer

Prior knowledge activation occurs when the teacher makes connections between new information and information the students already know. Choice B illustrates this by referencing a procedure the students learned earlier and showing how it relates to the new concept of calculating the volume of a sphere.

Question 19

Robert does not recognize the police officer that came to the door last month to tell him that his dog had been killed by a car. Robert's lapse of memory can probably best be explained in terms of:
A) the fan effect
B) interference
C) construction error
D) repression

Accepted Answer

The answer of Robert does not recognize the police officer...

Question 20

In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The following day, she asks her class the following four questions. Which one is a higher-level question?
A) "Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?"
B) "What is heat?"
C) "Which one is heated more quickly-a gas or a liquid?"
D) "Why is it cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

Accepted Answer

Question D is a higher-level question because it requires students to analyze and apply their understanding of heat to a real-world scenario, rather than simply recalling information (A), defining a term (B), or comparing two options (C).

Quiz 8: Long-Term Memory Storage and Retrieval Processes

Three of the following statements are examples of possible advance organizers for a geometry lesson. Which statement is not an advance organizer as the term is typically defined?

Which one of the following best illustrates the use of a concept map?

Which one of the following examples best illustrates a problem with prospective memory?

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students effectively learn and remember information. Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing?

What device did Benjamin Franklin invent to help people read better? It may take you a long time to think of the answer-bifocal lenses-because Ben was responsible for so many other inventions as well. In this situation, your lengthy retrieval time can best be explained in terms of:

To remind her 6-year-old son Steven to bring his umbrella home from school, a mother pins a piece of paper with a picture of an umbrella to Steven's jacket collar. Steven's mother is helping him remember the umbrella through the use of:

Which one of the following statements describes wait time and its effect on learning?

A teacher who wants students to elaborate on the material they are studying would be well advised to:

The textbook distinguishes between teacher-directed and learner-directed forms of instruction. Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches?

One of the history teachers below is violating a principle recommended for promoting long-term memory storage during instruction. Which teacher is doing so?

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which one is unlikely to do so?

Nora was thinking about something else the day her teacher explained the difference between the words between and among, so she has trouble using these two prepositions correctly. Nora's problem "remembering" the difference between the words can probably best be explained as:

Psychologists have offered three of the following as possible explanations for the phenomenon of infantile amnesia. Which one have they not suggested?

Which one of the following statements best illustrates prior knowledge activation in a geometry lesson?

Robert does not recognize the police officer that came to the door last month to tell him that his dog had been killed by a car. Robert's lapse of memory can probably best be explained in terms of:

In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The following day, she asks her class the following four questions. Which one is a higher-level question?