Question 1

Which of the following stimulate potassium uptake?
I.Hypoglycemia
II.Insulin
III.Aldosterone
IV.Beta-adrenergic stimulation

Accepted Answer

Potassium uptake by the cells is stimulated by insulin, aldosterone, and beta-adrenergic stimulation.

Question 2

Which of the following organs is the most powerful and complete in its ability to restore a normal pH?

Accepted Answer

Although the kidneys are slow to act, they are by far the most powerful and complete in their ability to restore a normal pH.

Question 3

Which of the following buffers transport excess H⁺ ions in the urine? I.Phosphate II.Ammonia III.HCO₃^- IV.Hb

Accepted Answer

The primary urinary buffer is HCO₃^-. The two other major buffer systems that trAnswerport excess H? ions in the urine are the phosphate buffer system and ammonia buffer system.

Question 4

What percentage of the potassium in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal tubules?

Accepted Answer

Approximately 65% of the potassium in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood by co-trAnswerport with sodium and chloride in the proximal tubules (by way of the 1 sodium, 2 chloride, 1 potassium co-trAnswerporter).

Question 5

When BUN and creatinine are elevated in renal failure, which of the following acid-base disturbances is usually also present?

Accepted Answer

When BUN and creatinine are elevated in renal failure, metabolic acidosis is usually also present.

Question 6

What is required for active transport across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active trAnswerport requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for an energy source and can move a substance "uphill" across a cell membrane, against its concentration gradient.

Question 7

Which of the following parts of the nephron does not actively secrete H⁺?

Accepted Answer

All parts of the nephron's tubular system actively secrete H⁺, except the thin segment of the loop of Henle.

Question 8

Primary active transport accounts for what percentage of sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Primary active trAnswerport accounts for approximately 80% of sodium reabsorption from the tubular filtrate and occurs in all tubules except the descending loop of Henle.

Question 9

Which of the following is a pulmonary manifestation of the nephrotic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Low plasma protein concentration lowers plasma osmotic pressure, causing generalized interstitial edema and fluid collection in body cavities such as the abdomen (ascites), pleural space (pleural effusion), and pericardial space (pericardial effusion).

Question 10

Which of the following terms describes the change in pH caused by volume loss?

Accepted Answer

Alkalemia caused by volume loss is often called contraction alkalosis.

Question 11

Which of the following mechanisms control potassium excretion? I.Extracellular fluid [K⁺] II.Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland cortex III.Catecholamines IV.Intracellular fluid [K⁺]

Accepted Answer

Potassium ion excretion is controlled by (1) extracellular fluid [K⁺] and (2) aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland cortex.

Question 12

What is the normal range for creatinine?

Accepted Answer

Blood creatinine concentration ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL.

Question 13

Which of the following are important functions of sodium, potassium, and chloride?
I.Maintaining normal fluid volume
II.Maintaining nerve impulse transmission
III.Maintaining muscle contraction
IV.Maintaining urine output

Accepted Answer

Sodium, potassium, and chloride regulation are intimately related to acid-base regulation. The regulation of these electrolytes is also important for maintaining normal fluid volume, nerve impulse trAnswermission, and muscle contraction.

Question 14

What is the normal range for BUN?

Accepted Answer

Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration ranges from 8 to 20 mg/dL.

Question 15

Which of the following are characteristics of Goodpasture's syndrome?
I.It is an autoimmune disease.
II.It affects the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes.
III.It causes hemorrhage and fibrosis.
IV.The syndrome primarily targets the lungs.

Accepted Answer

Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease affecting glomerular and pulmonary alveolar basement membranes. The body forms circulating antibodies against these structures, causing hemorrhage and fibrosis. Patients with this disease develop hemoptysis (coughing up of blood) and hematuria (blood in the urine). This syndrome primarily targets the kidney; the lung's alveoli become involved because of a cross-reaction.
Goodpasture's syndrome affects mainly young adult males older than 16 years of age. This somewhat rare syndrome causes renal and respiratory failure. The prognosis is quite poor; average survival after the appearance of the first symptom is approximately 6 months.

Question 16

Which of the following are diseases associated with increased blood creatinine?
I.Lung disease
II.Muscular disease
III.Renal disease
IV.Heart disease

Accepted Answer

Blood creatinine concentration may be elevated in kidney and muscle diseases.

Question 17

Which of the following are important mechanisms for Na⁺ reabsorption? I.Primary active transport II.Chloride shift III.Water retention IV.Secondary active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.

Accepted Answer

More than 99% of the Na⁺ in the filtrate is reabsorbed. Sodium is reabsorbed from the tubular filtrate by two mechanisms: (1) primary active trAnswerport and (2) secondary active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.

Question 18

Which of the following are categories of acute renal failure?
I.Intraurethral
II.Decreased blood supply
III.Intrarenal failure
IV.Postrenal failure

Accepted Answer

Acute renal failure falls into three categories: 
(1) decreased blood supply, as might occur in heart failure or hemorrhage; 
(2) intrarenal failure, or abnormalities within the kidney itself; and (3) postrenal failure, which refers to obstruction to urine outflow from the kidney.

Question 19

What are the most important effects of retaining nitrogenous waste products, sodium, potassium, and fixed acids?
I.General edema
II.Metabolic acidosis
III.High blood concentrations of creatinine
IV.Increased concentrations of potassium

Accepted Answer

If a person with complete renal shutdown continues to ingest food and water, extracellular concentrations of nitrogenous waste products, sodium, potassium, and fixed acids rapidly increase. The following are the most important effects of retaining these substances: 
(1) general edema secondary to salt and water retention; 
(2) metabolic acidosis caused by the kidney's failure to excrete fixed acids; 
(3) high blood concentrations of nitrogenous compounds such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid, which are end products of protein breakdown; and 
(4) increased blood concentration of phenols, sulfates, phosphates, and potassium. This condition is called uremia because of the high urea concentrations in all body fluids.

Quiz 22: Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Which of the following stimulate potassium uptake? I.Hypoglycemia II.Insulin III.Aldosterone IV.Beta-adrenergic stimulation

Which of the following organs is the most powerful and complete in its ability to restore a normal pH?

Which of the following buffers transport excess H+ ions in the urine? I.Phosphate II.Ammonia III.HCO3- IV.Hb

What percentage of the potassium in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood in the proximal tubules?

When BUN and creatinine are elevated in renal failure, which of the following acid-base disturbances is usually also present?

What is required for active transport across the cell membrane?

Which of the following parts of the nephron does not actively secrete H+?

Primary active transport accounts for what percentage of sodium reabsorption?

Which of the following is a pulmonary manifestation of the nephrotic syndrome?

Which of the following terms describes the change in pH caused by volume loss?

Which of the following mechanisms control potassium excretion? I.Extracellular fluid [K+] II.Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland cortex III.Catecholamines IV.Intracellular fluid [K+]

What is the normal range for creatinine?

Which of the following are important functions of sodium, potassium, and chloride? I.Maintaining normal fluid volume II.Maintaining nerve impulse transmission III.Maintaining muscle contraction IV.Maintaining urine output

What is the normal range for BUN?

Which of the following are characteristics of Goodpasture's syndrome? I.It is an autoimmune disease. II.It affects the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. III.It causes hemorrhage and fibrosis. IV.The syndrome primarily targets the lungs.

Which of the following are diseases associated with increased blood creatinine? I.Lung disease II.Muscular disease III.Renal disease IV.Heart disease

Which of the following are important mechanisms for Na+ reabsorption? I.Primary active transport II.Chloride shift III.Water retention IV.Secondary active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.

Which of the following are categories of acute renal failure? I.Intraurethral II.Decreased blood supply III.Intrarenal failure IV.Postrenal failure

What are the most important effects of retaining nitrogenous waste products, sodium, potassium, and fixed acids? I.General edema II.Metabolic acidosis III.High blood concentrations of creatinine IV.Increased concentrations of potassium

Which of the following buffers transport excess H⁺ ions in the urine? I.Phosphate II.Ammonia III.HCO₃^- IV.Hb

Which of the following parts of the nephron does not actively secrete H⁺?

Which of the following mechanisms control potassium excretion? I.Extracellular fluid [K⁺] II.Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland cortex III.Catecholamines IV.Intracellular fluid [K⁺]

Which of the following are important mechanisms for Na⁺ reabsorption? I.Primary active transport II.Chloride shift III.Water retention IV.Secondary active secretion of hydrogen and potassium ions.