Question 1

___ is a strategy of reinforcement that discourages behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.
A) Positive reinforcement
B) Extinction
C) Punishment
D) Negative reinforcement
E) Vicarious modelling

Accepted Answer

Punishment is a strategy of reinforcement that discourages behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence. It can be effective in decreasing the behavior, but it can also have negative side effects such as increased aggression or fear. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by presenting a desired consequence, extinction is a process of reducing a behavior by no longer providing reinforcement for it, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus, and vicarious modeling is learning by observing consequences in others.

Question 2

The law of immediate reinforcement states that
A) a punishment should be administered in private.
B) a behaviour that results in a pleasant outcome is likely to be repeated.
C) a satisfied need does not motivate behaviour.
D) an instant delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behaviour enhances the reinforcing value of the reward.
E) a satisfied need can become activated when a higher-level need is blocked.

Accepted Answer

The law of immediate reinforcement states that an instant delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behaviour enhances the reinforcing value of the reward. Immediate reinforcement strengthens the association between the behaviour and the reward, making it more likely for the behaviour to occur again in the future. This is because the reward serves as a positive reinforcement for the behaviour, increasing the likelihood of its recurrence.

Question 3

___ strengthens behaviour by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
A) Punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Extinction
D) Job rotation
E) Vicarious modelling

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus (undesirable consequence) after the occurrence of a desired behaviour. This increases the likelihood of the desired behaviour occurring in the future.

Question 4

A manager nodding to express approval to a subordinate who is making a useful comment during a staff meeting is an example of ___.
A) equity exchange
B) expectancy development
C) positive reinforcement
D) progression
E) executive conditioning

Accepted Answer

The manager's nodding is a form of positive reinforcement, which involves strengthening a behavior by providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. In this case, the manager's approval (consequence) reinforces the subordinate's useful comment (behavior).

Question 5

A schedule that rewards desired behaviour only periodically is known as a(n) ___ reinforcement schedule.
A) ongoing
B) unconditioned
C) intermittent
D) continuous
E) immediate

Accepted Answer

An intermittent reinforcement schedule only rewards desired behavior periodically, while a continuous reinforcement schedule rewards desired behavior every time it happens. An ongoing reinforcement schedule is not a commonly used term. Unconditioned reinforcement is a type of reinforcement that is naturally rewarding without any prior learning. Immediate reinforcement refers to rewarding behavior instantly, which can occur under either an intermittent or continuous reinforcement schedule. Therefore, C is the correct choice.

Question 6

An operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making the avoidance of an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called ___.
A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) extinction
D) shaping
E) deficit conditioning

Accepted Answer

The strategy described in the question is negative reinforcement, which involves increasing the frequency of a behavior by removing or avoiding an unpleasant consequence. Punishment, on the other hand, involves applying an unpleasant consequence to decrease a behavior. Extinction involves removing reinforcement for a behavior to decrease its frequency, and shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior. Deficit conditioning is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 7

Martin encourages the employees who have not been meeting the expectations of the job by ignoring minor issues when they meet his expectations. This type of strategy used to strengthen the desirable behaviour is called ___. A) extinction B) intermittent reinforcement C) positive reinforcement D) punishment E) negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of Martin encourages the employees who have not...

Question 8

The ___ states that for a reward to have maximum enhancement value, it must be delivered only if the desired behaviour is exhibited.
A) law of effect
B) deficit principle
C) law of immediate reinforcement
D) frustration-regression principle
E) law of contingent reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The law of contingent reinforcement states that for a reward to have maximum enhancement value, it must be delivered only if the desired behavior is exhibited. A reward that is not contingent on the behavior being exhibited may not have the same reinforcing effect on the behavior.

Question 9

___ is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour.
A) Chaining
B) Horizontal loading
C) Job rotation
D) Vertical loading
E) Shaping

Accepted Answer

Shaping is a technique in behavior modification where positive reinforcement is used to reinforce successive approximations to the desired behavior.

Question 10

A manager who advises someone's co-workers to ignore that person's disruptive behaviours during meetings is using ___.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) extinction
E) shaping

Accepted Answer

This is an example of using the extinction technique, which involves ignoring or withholding reinforcement for undesirable behavior, with the hope that it will eventually stop. The manager is advising the co-workers to not respond to the disruptive behavior in order to discourage it from continuing. Positive reinforcement involves giving a reward for desired behavior, negative reinforcement involves removing a negative consequence for desired behavior, punishment involves giving a negative consequence for undesired behavior, and shaping involves gradually teaching a new behavior through reinforcement. None of these techniques apply in this scenario as the manager is not offering a reward, removing a negative consequence, giving a negative consequence, or shaping a new behavior.

Question 11

A manager who issues a written reprimand to an employee who reports late for work one day is using ___.
A) frustration-regression
B) negative reinforcement
C) extinction
D) deficit conditioning
E) punishment

Accepted Answer

The manager is using punishment as they are trying to decrease the occurrence of the behavior (reporting late for work) by administering a negative consequence (written reprimand).

Question 12

The creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour is called ___.
A) operant conditioning
B) expectancy development
C) classical conditioning
D) progression
E) shaping

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is known as shaping, which involves rewarding a series of behaviours that gradually move closer to the desired behaviour. Operant conditioning and classical conditioning are both types of learning, but they do not specifically involve the gradual reinforcement of successive approximations. Expectancy development and progression are not relevant terms in this context.

Question 13

Justin notices that one of his employees has been coming late to work and his team members have been shielding him. Justin counsels the co-workers to stop shielding him and to not encourage him to be late to work. This type of reinforcement strategy is known as ___. A) negative reinforcement B) extinction C) intermittent reinforcement D) positive reinforcement E) punishment

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the process of removing reinforcement from a behavior in order to decrease or eliminate it. In this case, Justin is counseling the co-workers to stop reinforcing the employee's behavior of coming late to work by not shielding him and not encouraging him. By removing this reinforcement, the behavior may decrease or go away altogether.

Question 14

The law of contingent reinforcement advises managers to ___.
A) give rewards as soon as possible following the occurrence of a desirable behaviour
B) focus on verbal praise and recognition as opposed to money when giving rewards
C) give rewards only if the desired behaviour is exhibited
D) give rewards in small doses at first and then increase their magnitude when the desirable behaviour is displayed more permanently
E) use both punishment and positive reinforcement to gain maximum impact on behaviour

Accepted Answer

The answer of The law of contingent reinforcement advises managers...

Question 15

A(n) ___ reinforcement schedule administers a reward each time a desired behaviour occurs.
A) conditioned
B) continuous
C) immediate
D) intermittent
E) annual

Accepted Answer

A continuous reinforcement schedule administers a reward each time a desired behaviour occurs without fail. This is in contrast to an intermittent reinforcement schedule, where rewards are only given sometimes. The other options (conditioned, immediate, and annual) do not accurately describe types of reinforcement schedules.

Question 16

Behaviour acquired under ___ schedule will be more permanent than behaviour acquired under a continuous schedule.
A) a generous
B) a timely
C) an intermittent
D) a symmetric
E) an asymmetric

Accepted Answer

Behaviour acquired under an intermittent schedule, also known as a partial reinforcement schedule, is more resistant to extinction than behaviour acquired under a continuous schedule. This means that the behaviour is more likely to persist even when the reinforcement is no longer available. This is because the individual has learned that the behaviour does not always result in a reward, but sometimes it does, so they keep trying. On the other hand, behaviour acquired under a continuous schedule, where the reward is given every time the behaviour is exhibited, is more likely to stop once the reward is no longer given. Therefore, an intermittent schedule leads to more permanent behaviour change. The other options are not related to reinforcement schedules in psychology.

Question 17

The ___ states that the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behaviour, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.
A) law of contingent reinforcement
B) law of effect
C) principle of selective reinforcement
D) law of immediate reinforcement
E) principle of expectancy

Accepted Answer

The statement refers to the "immediate delivery of a reward," which suggests the importance of immediate reinforcement. Thus, the answer is the "law of immediate reinforcement" (option D). The other options are not specific to the idea of immediate reinforcement or may not be directly applicable to this scenario.

Question 18

Guidelines for using positive reinforcement include all of the following except A) maintain a narrow inventory of rewards. B) recognize individual differences in allocating rewards. C) inform everyone what must be done to get rewards. D) follow the laws of contingent and immediate reinforcement. E) clearly identify desirable work behaviours.

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a narrow inventory of rewards is not recommended because it limits the options available to motivate different individuals who may have varied preferences and motivations. Recognizing individual differences, informing everyone about the criteria for rewards, following the principles of contingent and immediate reinforcement, and clearly identifying desirable work behaviors are all effective guidelines for using positive reinforcement.

Question 19

___ is a reinforcement strategy that discourages behaviour by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Vicarious modelling
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Extinction
E) Punishment

Accepted Answer

Extinction is a reinforcement strategy that discourages behavior by removing a desirable consequence when the behavior occurs, thereby reducing the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about punishment and extinction strategies?
A) Both of these strategies weaken or eliminate undesirable behaviours.
B) Both of these strategies strengthen desirable behaviour by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.
C) Both of these strategies make the removal of a pleasant consequence contingent on its performance.
D) Both of these strategies strengthen desirable behaviour when it occurs.
E) Both of these strategies make an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Accepted Answer

Both punishment and extinction aim to weaken or eliminate undesirable behaviours. Punishment involves the presentation of an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour, while extinction involves the removal of a pleasant consequence that was previously contingent on the behaviour. However, neither of these strategies aim to strengthen desirable behaviour.

Quiz 16: Motivation Theory and Practice

___ is a strategy of reinforcement that discourages behaviour by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

The law of immediate reinforcement states that

___ strengthens behaviour by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A manager nodding to express approval to a subordinate who is making a useful comment during a staff meeting is an example of ___.

A schedule that rewards desired behaviour only periodically is known as a(n) ___ reinforcement schedule.

An operant conditioning strategy designed to strengthen or increase the frequency of a behaviour by making the avoidance of an unpleasant consequence contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour is called ___.

Martin encourages the employees who have not been meeting the expectations of the job by ignoring minor issues when they meet his expectations. This type of strategy used to strengthen the desirable behaviour is called ___.

The ___ states that for a reward to have maximum enhancement value, it must be delivered only if the desired behaviour is exhibited.

___ is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour.

A manager who advises someone's co-workers to ignore that person's disruptive behaviours during meetings is using ___.

A manager who issues a written reprimand to an employee who reports late for work one day is using ___.

The creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behaviour is called ___.

Justin notices that one of his employees has been coming late to work and his team members have been shielding him. Justin counsels the co-workers to stop shielding him and to not encourage him to be late to work. This type of reinforcement strategy is known as ___.

The law of contingent reinforcement advises managers to ___.

A(n) ___ reinforcement schedule administers a reward each time a desired behaviour occurs.

Behaviour acquired under ___ schedule will be more permanent than behaviour acquired under a continuous schedule.

The ___ states that the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behaviour, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.

Guidelines for using positive reinforcement include all of the following except

___ is a reinforcement strategy that discourages behaviour by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Which of the following is true about punishment and extinction strategies?