Deck 22: Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Question 1

Generally,vaccines are used to stimulate the immune system by providing antigens of potential pathogens.What is the typical composition of a vaccine?

A)RNA from bacteria
B)genes encoding for virulence factors
C)inactivated or attenuated viruses
D)naked DNA

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is not an application of RFLPs?

A)evolutionary biology
B)proteomics
C)paternity testing
D)forensic science

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The CJVI undertook a comparison between M.genitalium and Haemophilus influenzae in an effort to determine what?

A)the core set of genes needed for M.genitalium to infect humans
B)the core set of genes needed for understanding life
C)the core set of genes that cause H.influenzae virulence
D)the core set of genes needed to sustain life

Answer 3

the core set of genes needed to sustain life

Question 4

Selective breeding has been used for centuries to_______ .

A)remove favorable traits from plants and animals
B)enhance growth and yield from domesticated plants and animals
C)ensure purity of genetic lines
D)train crops to grow in more favorable environments

Question 5

As proof of a functional synthetic genome the JCVI conducted _______to demonstrate that JCVI- syn1.0 was a functional genome.

A)gene editing
B)genome transplantation
C)homologous recombination
D)whole genome sequencing

Question 6

Probes that bind under very stringent hybridization conditions resulting in the differential binding over one nucleotide are called_______ .

A)generation- specific probes
B)allele- specific oligonucleotides ASOs
C)VNTRs
D)short,variable repeats
E)microsatellites

Question 7

SNPs are characterized by being _______.

A)highly uniform in the population with variable numbers of tandem repeats
B)highly heterogeneous with variable amino acid substitutions
C)lethal genes with small noteworthy transcribed regions
D)variable in the population with variable base sequences
E)homogeneous with various nucleotides transcribed repeatedly

Question 8

Biotechnology is commonly used to produce transgenic plants and animals that are then harvested for useful products.This process is commonly referred to as which of the following?

A)genetic production
B)animal farming
C)biopharming
D)tuna farming
E)culturing

Question 9

Mastitis in cows results in infected mammary glands.The use of biotechnologies to introduce the antibiotic gene lysostaphin from Stpahylococcus simulans is an example of generating what type of animal?

A)a conditional knock- out animal
B)a synthetic animal
C)a knock- out animal
D)a transgenic animal

Question 10

Describe how microarrays have led to improved diagnosis of two types of diffuse large B- cell lymphomas.

Question 11

Personal genomics has led to the discovery of many new genes associated with disease states.Studies on autism spectrum disorder have revealed how many genes to have an impact on the disease state?

A)5
B)63
C)>100
D)1

Question 12

A transgenic organism is one in which_______ .

A)its genes have transferred to new chromosomes
B)DNA from a different organism is introduced to produce a more resilient bacterium
C)a naturally occurring plasmid has been transferred through natural means
D)DNA from a different organism is introduced to produce a biopharmaceutical

Question 13

RFLPs can be used to identify point mutations through which of the following mechanisms?

A)The mutation can occur outside of a restriction site causing a change in the cutting pattern for restriction enzymes.
B)The mutation can occur causing a shortening of the mRNA that is then compared to wild type.
C)The mutation can occur in a restriction site,causing a change in the cutting pattern for restriction enzymes.
D)The mutation can be silent in the coding for protein resulting in a different amino acid being inserted.

Question 14

A DNA microarray also called a DNA chip can be used to _______.

A)detect RFLPs
B)generate mutations in the gene of interest
C)detect mutations that may indicate a risk of disease
D)determine protein translation levels

Question 15

One possible use of synthetic biology is bioremediation; this application is best described as_______ .

A)synthesizing an entire organism that can process the pollutant
B)isolating bacteria from polluted areas and adjusting their genome to process the pollutant
C)transplanting a completely synthesized genome into a host that can then use genes to process the pollutant
D)collecting pollutants and subjecting naturally occurring organisms to extreme levels to force evolution to process the pollutant

Question 16

One procedure that has greatly enhanced prenatal screening is _______.

A)RNA- seq
B)GWAS
C)chorionic villus sampling
D)fetal blood sampling

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the term edible vaccine?

A)A DNA that a human can eat and relies on the human cells to generate the vaccine.
B)A vaccine that can be eaten by a human and alter the genome.
C)Part of a recombinant organism that the vaccine can be purified from.
D)A recombinant organism that expresses the vaccine in a consumable portion of the organism.

Question 18

Using single- cell RNA sequencing a clinician can now determine _______ in one experiment instead of two?

A)whether the organism is transgenic or not
B)heterozygosity
C)gene expression and protein levels associated with those genes
D)ratio of genes present to the expression levels of those genes

Question 19

Synthetic biologists are creating gene clusters that have logic functions and memory called_______ .

A)organic computers
B)genetic computers
C)synthetic genes
D)synthetic gene circuits

Question 20

Genome- wide association studies are identifying many genes that may affect disease risk.Describe how GWAS is used to determine if a mutation or gene may be a risk factor for disease.

Question 21

What is the ultimate goal of the Human Genome Project?

A)to understand all of the proteins generated in a cell
B)to map all the genes in the genome so they can be edited with CRISPR- cas
C)to better understand the genes and regulatory elements of the genome
D)to rid the human population of genetic disease

Question 22

There is a fear that preconception genetic testing may lead to "designer babies." What historical practice comes to mind regarding the production of such babies?

A)gene editing
B)inbreeding
C)eugenics
D)gene driving

Question 23

Evolving genome sequencing methods continue to be used in ever more time- sensitive situations.Which of the following is an emerging situation in which the CDC is using WGS,NGS,and TGS?

A)tracking impact of pathogens on host genomes
B)isolating pathogens after they have spread
C)pathogen identification
D)vaccine generation

Question 24

In 2010,the American Civil Liberties Union filed suit against Myriad Genetics.The court ruled in favor of the ACLU.What precedent did this court case set with regard to biotechnologies?

A)confirmed that human genes can be patented
B)confirmed that synthetic genes cannot be patented
C)confirmed human genes cannot be patented
D)confirmed that any gene- related biotechnologies cannot be patented

Question 25

The CJVI has identified approximately 473 genes make up the core set of genes for prokaryotes.What did their findings suggest is the core set of genes in the human genome?

A)about 1000
B)about 2000
C)about 20,000
D)about 500

Question 26

The use of ASOs in the process of in vitro fertilization to determine the genetic risk factors present is called_______ .

A)preimplantation genetic diagnosis
B)genome scanning
C)RFLP analysis
D)next- generation sequencing

Question 27

With the multitudes of genetic tests and bioinformatic databases available to clinicians and researchers,diagnosis via genetic information is becoming more common.Which of the following is a major concern with regard to genetic testing?

A)Parents and clinicians will use prenatal genome sequencing in a responsible manner.
B)Genetic discrimination is easy to define and prevent.
C)There are genetic tests for diseases that currently have no treatment.
D)A negative result in a genetic test means a person will never get the disease.

Question 28

Due to the relatively unregulated environment that genomic information is being collected in,which of the following is not a concern?

A)variability in data collection methods
B)variability of handling protocols
C)variability in the genomes sequenced
D)confidentiality of genetic information

Question 29

Currently,the most common method of vaccination is injection.Modern biotechnology is likely to make injection less common through the development of _______.

A)biopharming
B)fusion proteins
C)gene editing
D)edible vaccines

Question 30

The incorporation of a heavy metal inducible promoter in front of RFP in the transgenic animal GloFish is an example of what?

A)an in vitro assay for water contamination by heavy metals
B)a bioassay for water contamination by heavy metals
C)a transgenic fish that glows under UV light when heavy metals are absent
D)a transgenic animal sold as a gimmick

Question 31

Current DTC genetic tests provide all of the following EXCEPT_______ .

A)allele- specific information with regard to an individual's genome
B)a reliable substitute for a trained healthcare professional
C)information regarding risk factors for disease states
D)an overwhelming amount of information regarding an individual's genetic risk factors

Question 32

To fight the recent outbreak of Zika virus in the Americas,scientists took advantage of_______ to force a gene to be passed on to progeny that resulted in short- lived offspring that did not reach maturity.

A)DNA vaccines
B)gene drive
C)selective breeding
D)CRISPR- Cas

Question 33

The organization founded to ensure privacy and fairness in the interpretation of genetic information is called_______ .

A)ELISA,Ethical Listing in Sequence Association
B)GWAS,genome- wide associated sequences
C)CJVI,Craig J.Venter Institute
D)ELSI,Ethical,Legal,and Social Implications

Question 34

The incorporation of the lacZ gene into the JCVI- syn1.0 genome was used as an indicator for successful transplantation because_______ .

A)tetracycline resistance is a selective marker
B)the M.capricolum genome did not include lacZ
C)the original genome of M.mycoides contained lacZ
D)tetracycline resistance is conferred by lacZ

Question 35

In the past decades,direct- to- consumer DTC genetic tests have become widespread.Which U.S.federal agency is responsible for the future regulation of these tests?

A)FDA
B)EPA
C)FBI
D)DEA

Question 36

There are several problems associated with the use of new GMOs.One of which is _______.

A)the GMO could prove dangerous for human consumption
B)the ecological impact is well known
C)the yields from the genetic modification may not be useful in the field
D)the ecological impact is largely unknown