Question 1

Generally,vaccines are used to stimulate the immune system by providing antigens of potential pathogens.What is the typical composition of a vaccine?

Accepted Answer

The typical composition of a vaccine includes inactivated or attenuated viruses. RNA from bacteria, genes encoding for virulence factors, and naked DNA are not commonly used in vaccines.

Question 2

Which of the following is not an application of RFLPs?

Accepted Answer

RFLPs are not commonly used in proteomics, which is the study of proteins and their functions within an organism. RFLPs are mainly used in genetic research, such as in evolutionary biology, paternity testing, and forensic science.

Question 3

The CJVI undertook a comparison between M.genitalium and Haemophilus influenzae in an effort to determine what?

Accepted Answer

The comparison aimed to identify the minimal set of genes necessary for sustaining life, using these two organisms as models.

Question 4

Selective breeding has been used for centuries to_______ .

Accepted Answer

Selective breeding involves choosing specific plants or animals with desirable traits and breeding them together to enhance those traits in future generations. This process has been used to increase growth rates, yields, and other characteristics in domesticated plants and animals for centuries. It is the opposite of choice A, which is about removing desirable traits, and is not necessarily focused on ensuring genetic purity (choice C) or adapting crops to new environments (choice D).

Question 5

As proof of a functional synthetic genome the JCVI conducted _______to demonstrate that JCVI- syn1.0 was a functional genome.

Accepted Answer

The JCVI demonstrated the functionality of their synthetic genome by transplanting the entire genome into a bacterial cell with its own genome removed. This proved that the synthetic genome was able to direct the cell's activities, including replication and protein production. Gene editing and homologous recombination may have been used in the creation of the synthetic genome, but they do not demonstrate its functionality. Whole genome sequencing may have been done to confirm the synthetic genome sequence, but it does not prove its functionality.

Question 6

Probes that bind under very stringent hybridization conditions resulting in the differential binding over one nucleotide are called_______ .

Accepted Answer

The probes described in the question are known as allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs), which bind specifically to a particular allele or variant of a gene under very stringent hybridization conditions. This results in differential binding over one nucleotide, allowing for the identification of specific genetic variations. The other answer choices are not related to the description of the probes in the question.

Question 7

SNPs are characterized by being _______.

Accepted Answer

SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, are variations in a single nucleotide in DNA. They are variable in the population and can have different base sequences. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. Options A, B, and E are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the characteristics of SNPs.

Question 8

Biotechnology is commonly used to produce transgenic plants and animals that are then harvested for useful products.This process is commonly referred to as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The term "biopharming" specifically refers to the use of biotechnology to produce transgenic plants and animals for the purpose of harvesting useful products. Choices A, B, D, and E do not specifically refer to this process.

Question 9

Mastitis in cows results in infected mammary glands.The use of biotechnologies to introduce the antibiotic gene lysostaphin from Stpahylococcus simulans is an example of generating what type of animal?

Accepted Answer

The introduction of the antibiotic gene lysostaphin from Stpahylococcus simulans into cows to treat mastitis results in the creation of a transgenic animal, as it contains genetic material from another species.

Question 10

Describe how microarrays have led to improved diagnosis of two types of diffuse large B- cell lymphomas.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how microarrays have led to improved...

Question 11

Personal genomics has led to the discovery of many new genes associated with disease states.Studies on autism spectrum disorder have revealed how many genes to have an impact on the disease state?

Accepted Answer

Studies on autism spectrum disorder have shown that more than 100 genes have an impact on the disease state. This demonstrates the complexity of the disorder and the importance of understanding the role of multiple genes in its development.

Question 12

A transgenic organism is one in which_______ .

Accepted Answer

A transgenic organism is one in which DNA from a different organism is introduced to produce a specific trait or characteristic. This is often done to produce a biopharmaceutical or to enhance the organism's abilities in some way. Transgenic organisms can be plants, animals, or bacteria.

Question 13

RFLPs can be used to identify point mutations through which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

RFLPs are used to detect variations in DNA sequences and can identify point mutations if the mutation occurs in a restriction enzyme site, causing a change in the cutting pattern of the enzyme. The other choices do not directly relate to the use of RFLPs in identifying point mutations.

Question 14

A DNA microarray also called a DNA chip can be used to _______.

Accepted Answer

A DNA microarray can be used to detect mutations in genes that may indicate a risk of disease. It works by comparing the DNA of a patient to a "normal" or "control" sample to identify any differences that may be associated with a particular disease or condition.

Question 15

One possible use of synthetic biology is bioremediation; this application is best described as_______ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of One possible use of synthetic biology is...

Question 16

One procedure that has greatly enhanced prenatal screening is _______.

Accepted Answer

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal screening procedure where a sample of the placenta is extracted and analyzed for genetic abnormalities. This procedure has greatly enhanced prenatal screening as it can detect chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders in the fetus as early as 10 weeks of pregnancy. CVS is a safe and effective alternative to amniocentesis and offers parents the option to make informed decisions about their pregnancy and the future of their child.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the term edible vaccine?

Accepted Answer

An edible vaccine is a vaccine that is delivered through a consumable portion of a recombinant organism, typically a plant. This allows for easy administration of the vaccine to people who may not have access to traditional vaccines or who may have a fear of needles. The vaccine is expressed within the plant and can be purified from it. The other options (A, B, and C) are not accurate descriptions of an edible vaccine.

Question 18

Using single- cell RNA sequencing a clinician can now determine _______ in one experiment instead of two?

Accepted Answer

Single-cell RNA sequencing allows for the simultaneous measurement of gene expression levels and the ratio of genes present, providing insights into the relationship between gene presence and expression in a single experiment.

Question 19

Synthetic biologists are creating gene clusters that have logic functions and memory called_______ .

Accepted Answer

The technology being described is the creation of gene clusters that can perform logical functions and store information, which are referred to as synthetic gene circuits. The other options are not accurate or do not effectively capture the essence of the technology being discussed.

Question 20

Genome- wide association studies are identifying many genes that may affect disease risk.Describe how GWAS is used to determine if a mutation or gene may be a risk factor for disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genome- wide association studies are identifying many...

Quiz 22: Applications of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology