Deck 7: Perceiving Motion and Perception for Action

Question 1

Research by Salzman et al.(1992)used microstimulation to demonstrate that motion perception

A)is caused by activity in area MT.
B)is caused by activity in area V1.
C)is only correlated with activity in area MT.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Movshon et al.(1985)studied "plaid" displays,using the with two superimposed sets of moving stripes,and found is consistent with the idea that MT neurons can combine the responses of V1 neurons and/or other MT neurons.

A)combination-of-motions effect;that the activity of component cells in area MT
B)combination-of-motions effect;that the activity of pattern cells in area MT
C)MAE;that the activity of pattern cells in area MT

Answer 2

B

Question 3

______________ can occur with two different stimuli carefully separated by time and location.

A)MAE
B)The combination-of-motions effect
C)Apparent motion

Answer 3

C

Question 4

______________ tuning is determined by whether a delay is built into the transmission of signals from Neuron 1 and Neuron 2,while tuning is determined by the length of the delay.

A)Direction;speed
B)Speed;direction
C)Linear;curvilinear

Question 5

The apparent motion quartet

A)includes two frames,each containing symmetrically placed dots,that are presented in rapid alternation.
B)includes four frames,each containing asymmetrically placed dots,that are presented in rapid alternation.
C)includes four frames,each containing symmetrically placed dots,that are presented in rapid alternation.

Question 6

The area of the brain most closely associated with the perception of biological motion is

A)area V2 of the occipital cortex.
B)the middle temporal area (MT).
C)the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp).

Question 7

In explaining MAE your text notes that the concept of motion contrast is similar to

A)trichromatic mechanisms for color vision.
B)opponent color circuits.
C)the mechanisms used to explain depth perception.

Question 8

Newsome et al.(1989),using the coherence of motion technique to study monkeys' perception of motion,found that

A)with a coherence level of 12.8% the monkeys' judgments of the direction of motion were correct less than 20% of the time.
B)with a coherence level of 12.8% the monkeys' judgments of the direction of motion were correct about 95% of the time.
C)with a coherence level of 3.2% the monkeys' judgments of the direction of motion were cor- rect about 95% of the time.

Question 9

Piecewise rigidity

A)refers to the constant distance between the wrist and the ankle.
B)is absolute.
C)refers to the constant distance between the knee and the ankle.

Question 10

Movshon et al.(1985)studied the combination-of-motions effect using two superimposed sets of moving stripes.Their findings are consistent with the idea that MT neurons can combine the responses of V1 neurons.

A)with component cells in area MT
B)with pattern cells in area MT
C)that V1 neurons responded to only the motion of individual component sets of stripes

Question 11

With a(n)display,the viewer can distinguish a runner from a dancer or a man from a woman.

A)random dot kinematogram
B)point-light walker
C)MAE

Question 12

Newsome et al.(1989)used the coherence of motion technique to study monkeys' perception of motion.When comparing the results of single-cell recordings from area MT with the monkeys' judgments they found that

A)the judgments were about what one would expect if the judgments were based on the re- sponses of the population of MT neurons.
B)the judgments were about what one would expect if the judgments were based on the re- sponses of the population of V1 neurons.
C)the judgments were inconsistent with what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of MT neurons.

Question 13

Compared to neurons in area V1,neurons in area MT

A)have much smaller receptive fields.
B)have receptive fields 5 to 10 times larger.
C)are the only ones tuned to direction and speed of motion.

Question 14

A(n)is a display in which a grid is filled with tiny,randomly placed black and white square dots such that shape can be determined without accompanying changes in color,brightness,depth,or texture.

A)random dot kinematogram
B)point-light walker
C)MAE

Question 15

The factor that strongly influences whether the dots in the apparent motion quartet appear to move vertically or horizontally is related to the Gestalt principle of

A)similarity.
B)good continuation.
C)proximity.

Question 16

Beckers and Zeki (1995)used transcranial stimulation to temporarily deactivate area MT during the presentation of a moving-dot stimulus and found that the perception of

A)motion was impaired.
B)motion was unaffected.
C)color was enhanced.

Question 17

The critical motion center in the primate brain is

A)area V1.
B)area V2.
C)area MT.

Question 18

The aperture problem can be solved by neurons in area that receive inputs from multiple neurons in area .

A)MT;V1
B)V1;MT
C)MT;V4

Question 19

The neural circuit to explain motion aftereffects would require that the M_L neuron______________ while the M_R neuron .

A)responds strongly;fires at its baseline rate
B)responds weakly;fires at its baseline rate
C)receive no stimulation;receives some stimulation

Question 20

The waterfall illusion is an example of

A)motion perception.
B)motion aftereffect.
C)the Ponzo illusion.

Question 21

The corollary discharge signal is sent to the brain

A)after the eyes have moved.
B)while the eyes are moving.
C)before the eyes have moved.

Question 22

Acording to your text,the parietal lobes are well suited for guiding actions since they are lo- cated near the

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)inferotemporal cortex.
C)hippocampus.

Question 23

The eye movements you make when you track moving objects continuously with your eyes are called eye movements.

A)saccadic
B)smooth pursuit
C)vergence

Question 24

The parietal lobe can be divided into the sory representation of the body surface,and the guided action.

A)anterior;posterior
B)posterior;anterior
C)superior;inferior

Question 25

Linear optical trajectory (LOT)is a strategy that has been used to explain

A)how people stand upright even when the walls and ceiling of a room appear to move.
B)motion aftereffects.
C)how dogs catch Frisbees.

Question 26

The eye movement you make when you shift your gaze from a nearby object to a more distant object is called a eye movement.

A)saccadic
B)smooth pursuit
C)vergence

Question 27

The region of the posterior parietal lobe that is involved in the control of eye movements is the

A)medial intraparietal area.
B)lateral intraparietal area.
C)anterior intraparietal area.

Question 28

The region of the posterior parietal lobe that is involved in planning to reach toward a specific location is the intraparietal area.

A)medial
B)lateral
C)anterior

Question 29

Using a room in which the walls and ceiling could move independent of the floor,Lee and Ar- onson (1974)demonstrated that

A)optic flow was unrelated to standing upright.
B)optic flow could cause a person to stagger backward.
C)nausea could be induced by manipulating optic flow.

Question 30

The parietal lobe is divided into the parietal lobe and the parietal lobe by the sulcus.

A)anterior;posterior;postcentral
B)anterior;posterior;central
C)superior;inferior;intraparietal

Question 31

Sommer and Wurz (2006)trained monkeys to make a saccade from an initial fixation point (FP₁)to a later fixation point (FP₂).They recorded from single cells in the frontal eye field of monkeys,and their findings offered support for the importance of the corollary discharge signal (CDS),since a flash of light to the

A)receptive field (RF)led to a strong response before the saccade.
B)future field (FF)led to a strong response after the saccade.
C)future field (FF)led to a strong response just before the saccade.

Question 32

The region of the posterior parietal lobe that is involved in planning to reach toward a specific location is the intraparietal area,while the area involved in grasping movements is the intraparietal area.

A)medial;anterior
B)lateral;posterior
C)anterior;medial

Question 33

Brief,rapid movements that change the focus of gaze from one location to another in the visual scene are called eye movements.

A)saccadic
B)smooth pursuit
C)vergence

Question 34

The eye movements that you use when you read do not produce motion blur on the retina be- cause of suppression.

A)saccadic
B)smooth pursuit
C)vergence

Question 35

The corollary discharge signal

A)is used to inform the brain about the state of the muscles controlling eye movements.
B)informs the brain about upcoming eye movements.
C)comes from the extraocular muscles.

Question 36

Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp)would tem- porarily lead to

A)impaired perception of all motion.
B)impaired perception of biological motion.
C)impaired perception of a randomly moving dot display.

Question 37

Linear optical trajectory is a strategy suggested to explain

A)how people stand upright even when the walls and ceiling of a room appear to move.
B)the waterfall illusion.
C)how fielders catch fly balls.

Question 38

The parietal lobule and the parietal lobule are separated by the sulcus.

A)anterior;posterior;postcentral
B)anterior;posterior;central
C)superior;inferior;intraparietal

Question 39

A 90-mph fastball thrown from a professional baseball mound reaches home plate in

A)2 seconds.
B)less than 0.5 seconds.
C)4 seconds.

Question 40

Acording to your text,the lobes are well suited for guiding actions since they are lo- cated near the cortex,while the______________cortex is well suited for memory and categoriza- tion of objects since it is near the______________.

A)parietal;prefrontal;inferotemporal;hippocampus
B)inferotemporal;prefrontal;parietal;hippocampus
C)inferotemporal;parietal;prefrontal;hippocampus

Question 41

Place your index finger on the far outside edge of one of your eyelids.Now apply gentle pres- sure to your eye (through the lid;do not touch your eye directly).As you apply pressure,you should see your environment tilt in correspondence with your eye's movement.(A)How would you explain the perception of movement as your eye moves? (B)Does this demonstration sup- port the corollary discharge signal as the stabilizing mechanism during eye movement?

Question 42

The posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp)

A)responds to any motion.
B)is associated with the perception of biological motion.
C)responds equally to a point-light walker display and to a randomly moving dot display.

Question 43

Hermione's soccer team is practicing the corner kick.Her teammate kicks the ball high in the air,and Hermione tries to strike the ball with her head and direct it to the goal.What visual strategy,also used to catch flies in baseball,can Hermione apply to ensure she makes contact with the ball?

Question 44

The region of the posterior parietal lobe that is involved in grasping movements is the

A)medial intraparietal area.
B)lateral intraparietal area.
C)anterior intraparietal area.

Question 45

Briefly describe the study conducted by Newsome et al.(1989)investigating the role of MT neurons in motion perception.Who were the subjects? What were the stimuli? What two mea- sures were recorded? Summarize their findings.

Question 46

Lakshmi is standing,facing forward,on a crowded train that has come to a station and stopped.There is also a stopped train on an adjacent track.Suddenly,the train on the adjacent track begins to move backward (relative to Lakshmi's train).When Lakshmi sees the adjacent train,what is she likely to perceive,and how will she physically respond to what she perceives?

Question 47

Neurons in area MT are tuned to respond to different

A)colors.
B)shapes.
C)directions of motion.

Question 48

Newsome et al.(1989)used the coherence of motion technique to study monkeys' perceptions of motion.When looking at the results of single-cell recordings from area MT they found that with a coherence level of its response to motion in the opposite direction.

A)12.8% the neuron's response to motion in the preferred direction was clearly greater than
B)12.8% the neuron's response to motion in the preferred direction was the same as
C)0.8% the neuron's response to motion in the preferred direction was clearly greater than

Question 49

A rising fastball

A)occurs only when a pitch actually exceeds 100 mph.
B)is an illusion caused by the lack of spin with a knuckleball.
C)is an illusion caused by the batters incorrect underestimation of the speed of the pitch.

Question 50

A random dot kinematogram is a display in which a grid is filled with tiny,randomly placed black and white square dots in such a way that shape can be determined only with accompany- ing changes in

A)depth changes
B)brightness
C)relative motion

Question 51

Movshon et al.(1985)studied "plaid" displays,using the combination-of-motions effect with two superimposed sets of moving stripes;they found that is consistent with the idea that MT neurons can combine the responses of V1 neurons and/or other MT neurons.

A)the activity of component cells in area MT
B)the activity of pattern cells in area MT
C)the activity of pattern cells in area V1

Question 52

Beckers and Zeki (1995)used transcranial stimulation to

A)produce the illusion of motion.
B)temporarily deactivate area MT during the presentation of a moving-dot stimulus.
C)temporarily deactivate area V1 during the presentation of a moving-dot stimulus.

Question 53

Recent films such as Avatar and The Hobbit have blended human acting with computer ani- mation.Using the "motion-capture" technique,actors perform while wearing suits that have strategically placed spots (i.e,at the joints).The recorded performance is later translated into animation by maintaining the key spatial and temporal relationships from the original to the animation.How is this technique related to the study of perception from biological motion?

Question 54

A rising fastball

A)occurs only when a pitch actually exceeds 100 mph.
B)is an illusion caused by the batter's incorrect estimation of the distance between home plate and the pitcher's mound.
C)is an illusion caused by the batter's incorrect underestimation of the speed of the pitch.

Question 55

The corollary discharge signal

A)comes from the superior colliculus and informs the brain about the state of the muscles con- trolling eye movements.
B)comes from the superior colliculus and informs the brain about upcoming eye movements.
C)comes from the extraocular muscles and informs the brain about the state of the muscles controlling eye movements.

Question 56

Mark is sitting in a restaurant when his server brings his glass of wine to the table.He moves his eyes to the glass and then reaches for and grasps it.What cortical areas are involved in the (visual)guidance of these three tasks? What larger visual pathway are these structures part of?

Question 57

The eye movements that you use when you read are called eye movements.

A)saccadic
B)smooth pursuit
C)vergence

Question 58

For safety reasons construction sites are usually surrounded by high wooden boards.To gain a glimpse at the activity inside,onlookers may poke a small hole through a board.Explain how view- ing the construction site through a one-inch hole leads to the aperture problem described in the text.

Question 59

The neural circuit to explain motion aftereffects requires that either the M_L or M_R neuron

A)be stimulated.
B)be stimulated before the other.
C)become fatigued.