Deck 12: Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

Question 1

Research done in Oregon and California suggests that salvage logging .

A)causes increased erosion
B)tends to produce more severe wildfires
C)decreases long- term timber yield by more than 60%
D)eliminates wildfires from forests
E)has no effect on the severity of wildfires

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots, that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that _ .

A)these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here
B)these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges
C)more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same
D)more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada
E)these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America

Answer 2

D

Question 3

"Edge effects" are a particular problem when .

A)trying to manage and protect island biodiversity
B)wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes
C)formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments
D)forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change
E)preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by .

A)charcoal in the soil
B)ambient air temperature
C)tree ring scars
D)soil chemistry
E)the density of vegetation

Question 5

Paper parks are _ .

A)portions of the national parks where timber harvesting is permitted
B)areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding
C)portions of the wilderness areas where timber harvesting is permitted
D)land trust areas where timber harvesting is permitted
E)parks established where timber harvesters formerly harvested wood for paper mills

Question 6

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes .

A)increased biomass
B)decreased extirpation
C)increased genetic diversity
D)increased habitat fragmentation
E)increased ecosystem diversity

Question 7

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

A)There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource.
B)No ancient forests remain in developing nations.
C)They are desperate for economic development.
D)Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens.
E)Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government.

Question 8

Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true?

A)Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past.
B)Because of extirpation, many of these individual populations have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
C)Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less biodiversity than they did in the past.
D)Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biomass than they did in the past.
E)Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biodiversity than they did in the past.

Question 9

Land trusts are .

A)corporations
B)municipal government entities
C)federal government entities
D)private nonprofit groups
E)state government entities

Question 10

The U.N. FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2010 concluded that .

A)there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040
B)deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting
C)all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear- cutting
D)deforestation has slowed but we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr
E)to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation

Question 11

The area effect of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography suggests that .

A)the total number of species increases as an island is further from the mainland; it is easier to speciate
B)the number of species decreases with increasing island size; all else being equal, larger islands contain fewer species
C)organism size (large or small)is what most affects the number of individuals of each species
D)the number of species increases with the size of the island; all else being equal, larger islands contain more species
E)the number of individuals of each species decreases as the size of the island increases because competition decreases population sizes

Question 12

Deforestation .

A)is not widespread in North America
B)has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions
C)prevents erosion
D)causes population explosions
E)decreases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Question 13

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
Because the pine- oak woodlands of the Sky Islands of Mexico and the United States have a large number of endemic species and have lost large amounts of habitat to development, they have been listed as one of the .

A)extirpation areas of the Endangered Species List
B)biodiversity hotspots of Conservation International
C)transport areas of CITES
D)umbrella species areas for Convention on Biological Diversity
E)keystone areas of the Endangered Species List

Question 14

The SLOSS dilemma involves controversy over .

A)government subsidies to farmers
B)tax dollars spent to build roads in national forests
C)controlled burns
D)drilling for oil in ANWR
E)habitat fragmentation and preserve design

Question 15

The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are .

A)harvested using ecosystem- based management
B)harvested by clear- cutting
C)suffer from erosion and heavy pesticide use
D)plantation forests of pine and spruce
E)have no mature trees

Question 16

Rotation time is _ .

A)the average interval between types of forests: evergreen or deciduous
B)intensively managing forests for human benefit
C)intensively managing forests for plant and animal benefit
D)intended use of wood
E)the average interval between successive cuts

Question 17

If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum sustainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because .

A)all the trees are of mature size leaving no room for new seedlings
B)habitats for nesting birds are lost
C)nearly all predators will be excluded
D)forests are more susceptible to herbivore damage
E)species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes?

A)Crop productivity is greatly increased because of the rich soil.
B)CO₂ levels remain appropriate within the atmosphere.
C)Water runoff is decreased.
D)Biodiversity is increased.
E)Soil erosion is increased.

Question 19

The Healthy Forests Restoration Act _ national forest land.

A)restricts the use of snowmobiles on
B)offers subsidies to timber companies if they replant areas in
C)was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of
D)directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fire threat
E)was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on

Question 20

The National Forest Management Act national forest land.

A)offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on
B)directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in
C)was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on
D)was passed by the Bush administration in 2004 to loosen environmental protections and restricting public oversight of
E)was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of

Question 21

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Private land trust that purchases and protects areas in natural condition

Question 22

The first national park was .

A)Mount Rainier
B)Sequoia
C)Yosemite
D)Yellowstone
E)General Grant

Question 23

Wilderness areas .

A)allow hunting as long as proper permits are acquired
B)were set up under the wise- use movement of the 1980s and 1990s
C)are biosphere reserves managed by UNESCO
D)were set up under the administration of George W. Bush in the early 2000s
E)are off- limits to development of any kind but are open to low- impact recreation

Question 24

Most of the world's forests are _.

A)tropical dry forest
B)chaparral
C)temperate deciduous forest
D)boreal forest and rainforest
E)temperate rainforest

Question 25

Since the 1990s, have killed an estimated 30 billion conifers in the western United States.

A)invasive fungi
B)ladybird beetles
C)pine shoot beetles
D)bark beetles
E)foresters

Question 26

Which of the following gave the president authority to declare selected public lands as national monuments?

A)The Antiquities Act
B)The Wilderness Act
C)The Swampland Act
D)The National Parks Act
E)The Homesteaders Act

Question 27

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Why do we need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?

Question 28

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Explain salvage logging.

Question 29

Second- growth forests .

A)are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging
B)are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago
C)are forests whose timber has second- rate value
D)are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area
E)in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska

Question 30

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Established under the leadership of Gifford Pinchot to manage forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run"

Question 31

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through use restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, but provides public access for current enjoyment

Question 32

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

Forest resource managers generally aim to maintain a resource population at the level where it .

A)best protects habitat
B)best protects predators
C)has stabilized at the carrying capacity
D)delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield
E)is just above the level it needs to be at to prevent dieback of the population

Question 33

The "roadless rule" .

A)was strictly enforced between 2004 and 2007
B)prohibits new road construction in national forests
C)prohibits off- road vehicles in national parks and forests
D)permits clear- cutting in forests which have no access roads for logging companies
E)prohibits road construction within national parks

Question 34

Ecosystem- based timber harvesting uses methods that _.

A)are the most cost efficient in the short term
B)are ecologically harmless
C)have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems
D)leave seed- producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
E)are very popular with timber companies

Question 35

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Manages world heritage sites, which include sites of cultural and natural importance

Question 36

The program Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD).

A)combats unsustainable forestry practices through controlled burning programs
B)gives wealthy nations carbon offsets if they pay poorer nations to conserve forests
C)was passed unanimously by the Copenhagen Conference (2010)on global climate change
D)seeks to reduce the 30% of global carbon emissions caused by primary forests
E)supports research to develop trees which permanently sequester carbon

Question 37

Approximately % of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest.

A)30
B)50
C)5- 10
D)< 5
E)40

Question 38

Prescribed burns would be used in forests .

A)where there high densities of endangered species, such as tropical rainforests
B)that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth
C)that have heavy recreational use to warn people about the dangers of fires
D)plagued with insects as a cheaper alternative to pesticides
E)to convert primary forests into secondary forests

Question 39

Clear- cutting .

A)is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations
B)removes all trees from an area
C)is harvesting trees from coastal areas only
D)restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops
E)involves elimination of subsidies to farmers

Question 40

Match the following.

A)UNESCO
B)Nature Conservancy
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)Fish and Wildlife Service
F)U.S. Department of Agriculture
G)U.S. Forest Service
H)Environmental Protection Agency
Manages national wildlife refuges that serve as wildlife havens; encourages hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, and environmental education

Question 41

How has the Smokey the Bear campaign damaged forest health? What is the importance of fire in ecosystem management? What is the cost of fire suppression for ecosystem health? What is the alternative to fire suppression?

Question 42

What part of American history makes it difficult for us to suggest halting deforestation in the tropical rainforest? How did deforestation proceed in the United States? Why is deforestation there different than it was here?

Question 43

Briefly discuss the components of a sustainable forestry program and the meaning of FSC certified forest products.

Question 44

What are the traditional reasons for the development of parks and protected areas? What other reasons have been added recently?

Question 45

In the United States, who owns the forest land that is home to timber harvesting? Why was the national forest system established, what was its mission, and who specifically directed its development? How did the political climate in the United States aid the formation of a system that incorporated the theme of conservation?