Question 1

Research done in Oregon and California suggests that salvage logging _________________
A)causes increased erosion
B)tends to produce more severe wildfires
C)decreases long- term timber yield by more than 60%
D)eliminates wildfires from forests
E)has no effect on the severity of wildfires

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
-There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots, that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that _______________
A)these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here
B)these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges
C)more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same
D)more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada
E)these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America

Accepted Answer

The birds are more likely to be found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona because these areas are closer to their usual habitats in Central America and Mexico, making migration easier.

Question 3

"Edge effects" are a particular problem when _______________
A)trying to manage and protect island biodiversity
B)wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes
C)formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments
D)forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change
E)preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape

Accepted Answer

Edge effects occur when a large habitat is fragmented into smaller patches or fragments, which creates an edge where different ecosystems meet. These edges have different environmental conditions, which can lead to changes in species composition, ecosystem functioning, and biodiversity loss. This is particularly a problem when formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments, as in choice C.

Question 4

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by _________________
A)charcoal in the soil
B)ambient air temperature
C)tree ring scars
D)soil chemistry
E)the density of vegetation

Accepted Answer

Tree ring scars provide a historical record of fire events, as fires can leave distinct scars on the rings of trees, allowing researchers to date and study past fire occurrences.

Question 5

Paper parks are _______________
A)portions of the national parks where timber harvesting is permitted
B)areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding
C)portions of the wilderness areas where timber harvesting is permitted
D)land trust areas where timber harvesting is permitted
E)parks established where timber harvesters formerly harvested wood for paper mills

Accepted Answer

Paper parks are areas that are designated as protected on paper, but in reality, they lack the necessary funding, enforcement, or management to ensure effective conservation.

Question 6

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
-The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes _______________
A)increased biomass
B)decreased extirpation
C)increased genetic diversity
D)increased habitat fragmentation
E)increased ecosystem diversity

Accepted Answer

Increased human activity in these areas leads to habitat fragmentation, as development and resource extraction disrupt the continuous natural habitats.

Question 7

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?
A)There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource.
B)No ancient forests remain in developing nations.
C)They are desperate for economic development.
D)Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens.
E)Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government.

Accepted Answer

Developing nations often prioritize economic development and may rely on logging as a source of income and employment, leading to fewer restrictions.

Question 8

Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true?
A)Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past.
B)Because of extirpation, many of these individual populations have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
C)Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less biodiversity than they did in the past.
D)Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biomass than they did in the past.
E)Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biodiversity than they did in the past.

Accepted Answer

Habitat fragmentation typically reduces genetic diversity because it isolates populations, limiting gene flow and increasing the likelihood of inbreeding.

Question 9

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
-Land trusts are _______________
A)corporations
B)municipal government entities
C)federal government entities
D)private nonprofit groups
E)state government entities

Accepted Answer

Land trusts are private nonprofit groups that work to conserve land by purchasing it or acquiring conservation easements.

Question 10

The U.N. FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2010 concluded that _______________
A)there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040
B)deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting
C)all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear- cutting
D)deforestation has slowed but we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr
E)to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation

Accepted Answer

The U.N. FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2010 reported that deforestation has slowed down but forests are still being lost at a rate of 5.2 million hectares per year.

Question 11

The area effect of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography suggests that _______________
A)the total number of species increases as an island is further from the mainland; it is easier to speciate
B)the number of species decreases with increasing island size; all else being equal, larger islands contain fewer species
C)organism size (large or small)is what most affects the number of individuals of each species
D)the number of species increases with the size of the island; all else being equal, larger islands contain more species
E)the number of individuals of each species decreases as the size of the island increases because competition decreases population sizes

Accepted Answer

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography posits that larger islands can support more species due to greater habitat diversity and resources, leading to higher species richness.

Question 12

Deforestation _________________
A)is not widespread in North America
B)has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions
C)prevents erosion
D)causes population explosions
E)decreases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Accepted Answer

Deforestation has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions due to the loss of biodiversity and disruption of ecosystems, which are more sensitive to changes in land use.

Question 13

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain- building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier areas surrounding them.
-Because the pine- oak woodlands of the Sky Islands of Mexico and the United States have a large number of endemic species and have lost large amounts of habitat to development, they have been listed as one of the _________________
A)extirpation areas of the Endangered Species List
B)biodiversity hotspots of Conservation International
C)transport areas of CITES
D)umbrella species areas for Convention on Biological Diversity
E)keystone areas of the Endangered Species List

Accepted Answer

The pine-oak woodlands of the Sky Islands are considered biodiversity hotspots due to their high number of endemic species and significant habitat loss.

Question 14

The SLOSS dilemma involves controversy over _______________
A)government subsidies to farmers
B)tax dollars spent to build roads in national forests
C)controlled burns
D)drilling for oil in ANWR
E)habitat fragmentation and preserve design

Accepted Answer

The SLOSS dilemma refers to the debate in conservation biology about whether it is better to have a Single Large Or Several Small (SLOSS) reserves to conserve biodiversity, which is directly related to habitat fragmentation and preserve design.

Question 15

The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are _________________
A)harvested using ecosystem- based management
B)harvested by clear- cutting
C)suffer from erosion and heavy pesticide use
D)plantation forests of pine and spruce
E)have no mature trees

Accepted Answer

The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are managed using ecosystem-based management, which focuses on maintaining ecological processes and biodiversity while allowing for sustainable timber harvesting.

Question 16

Rotation time is _______________
A)the average interval between types of forests: evergreen or deciduous
B)intensively managing forests for human benefit
C)intensively managing forests for plant and animal benefit
D)intended use of wood
E)the average interval between successive cuts

Accepted Answer

Rotation time refers to the average interval between successive cuts in forestry management, determining when a forest stand is ready to be harvested again.

Question 17

If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum sustainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because _________________
A)all the trees are of mature size leaving no room for new seedlings
B)habitats for nesting birds are lost
C)nearly all predators will be excluded
D)forests are more susceptible to herbivore damage
E)species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded

Accepted Answer

The maximum sustainable yield model focuses on harvesting resources at a rate that does not exceed their regeneration capacity, often leading to the removal of mature trees. This can exclude species that rely on mature trees in the top canopy layer for their habitat, resulting in biodiversity loss.

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes? A)Crop productivity is greatly increased because of the rich soil. B)CO₂levels remain appropriate within the atmosphere. C)Water runoff is decreased. D)Biodiversity is increased. E)Soil erosion is increased.

Accepted Answer

Clearing forests for agriculture often leads to increased soil erosion because the tree roots that help hold the soil in place are removed, making the soil more susceptible to being washed or blown away.

Question 19

The Healthy Forests Restoration Act _________________ national forest land.
A)restricts the use of snowmobiles on
B)offers subsidies to timber companies if they replant areas in
C)was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of
D)directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fire threat
E)was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on

Accepted Answer

The Healthy Forests Restoration Act, passed in 2003, aims to reduce the threat of destructive wildfires by directing timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees.

Question 20

The National Forest Management Act _______________ national forest land.
A)offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on
B)directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in
C)was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on
D)was passed by the Bush administration in 2004 to loosen environmental protections and restricting public oversight of
E)was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of

Accepted Answer

The National Forest Management Act was passed in 1976 to ensure that national forests are managed for multiple uses and sustainable yield, balancing environmental, economic, and social objectives.

Quiz 12: Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

Research done in Oregon and California suggests that salvage logging _________________

"Edge effects" are a particular problem when _______________

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by _________________

Paper parks are _______________

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true?

The U.N. FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2010 concluded that _______________

The area effect of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography suggests that _______________

Deforestation _________________

The SLOSS dilemma involves controversy over _______________

The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are _________________

Rotation time is _______________

If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum sustainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because _________________

Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes?

The Healthy Forests Restoration Act _________________ national forest land.

The National Forest Management Act _______________ national forest land.